Đang chuẩn bị nút TẢI XUỐNG, xin hãy chờ
Tải xuống
Care should be taken in choosing preservatives. For example, Method 5035 notes that, “Soil samples that contain carbonate minerals (either from natural sources or applied as an amendment) may effervesce upon contact with the acidic preservative solution in the low concentration sample vial.” Therefore, calcareous soils that effervesce on contact with the preservative solution, which is intended for low-level samples, should be preserved using an alternative technique. As an alternative to chemical preservatives, several studies have shown that freezing of unpreserved soils, at -7 o C or less, is an effective means of slowing the biodegradation process. . | eace.org ÕT Chemical contamination at e-waste recycling and disposal sites in Accra and Korforidua 4 Ghana Authors Kevin Brigden Iryna Labunska David Santillo Paul Johnston GREENPEACE RESEARCH LABORATORIES TECHNICAL NOTE 10 2008 AUGUST 2008 For more information contact inquiries@greenpeace.org Printed on 100 recycled post-consumer waste with vegetable based inks. JN 155 2 Published in August 2008 by Greenpeace International Ottho Heldringstraat 5 1066 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands Tel 31 20 7182000 Fax 31 20 5148151 greenpeace.org Executive summary The global market for electrical and electronic equipment continues to expand while the lifespan of many products becomes shorter. Consequently the waste stream of obsolete electrical and electronic products commonly called e-waste is also vast and growing with estimates of 20-50 million tonnes per year being generated worldwide. Many of the products contain numerous hazardous chemicals and materials and therefore the recycling and disposal of e-waste poses a threat to the environment and to human health. In some countries and regions regulations have been introduced with the aim of restricting the use of hazardous substances in these products and the management of e-waste at the products end of life. However no such regulations exist in many of the countries in which where products are manufactured used and disposed of. Furthermore even where they apply regulations do not control all hazardous chemicals and materials that are used in newly manufactured products nor fully address the management of ewaste. Even in the EU where some of the more stringent regulations apply as much as 75 of generated e-waste is unaccounted for. There is evidence that e-waste is transported internationally from many countries to destinations where informal recycling and disposal take place often in small workshops with little or no regulation. As a result impacts have already been reported in many countries particularly in Asia. Recently there
