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Nhiệt động lực học cổ điển giao dịch với dòng chảy của năng lượng trong điều kiện cân bằng hoặc gần trạng thái cân bằng và với các thuộc tính liên quan của các trạng thái cân bằng của vật chất. Đó là một lý thuyết vĩ mô, bỏ qua hoàn toàn các chi tiết của cấu trúc nguyên tử và phân tử, mặc dù không phải là sự tồn tại của các nguyên tử | An Introduction to Thermodynamics Classical thermodynamics deals with the flow of energy under conditions of equilibrium or near-equilibrium and with the associated properties of the equilibrium states of matter. It is a macroscopic theory ignoring completely the details of atomic and molecular structure though not the existence of atoms and molecules to the extent required for writing chemical reactions. Time is not recognized as a variable and cannot appear in thermodynamic equations. For students who have become familiar with atoms and molecules it may be surprising to find how far one can go toward treating chemical and physical equilibria without employing any simplified models or delving into theories of molecular structure. The detachment of thermodynamics from molecular theory is an important asset. The fundamental principles of thermodynamics were developed during the 19 th century on the foundation of two principal axioms supplemented by a small number of definitions long before atomic structure was understood. Because of this lack of dependence of theory on models even today we need not worry about our vast ignorance at the molecular level especially in the areas of liquids and ionic solutions in applying thermodynamics to real systems. It has been said with some justification that if you can prove something by thermodynamics you need not do the experiment. Such a strong statement must be handled with care but it should become clear in the following pages that common practice is quite consistent with this assumption. Two developments associated primarily with the 20th century introduced substantial new insights into thermodynamics. Statistical thermodynamics or statistical physics originated with the efforts of Maxwell and of Boltzmann in the late 19th century and grew with additions by Gibbs Planck Einstein and many others into a companion science to thermodynamics. Because statistical thermodynamics relies on specific models of atomic and molecular .
