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11 Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass Part III Hydrolysis and Fermentation Ramakrishnan Anish and Mala Rao contents Abstract 159 11.1 Introduction 160 11.2 Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass 160 11.2.1 Acid Hydrolysis . 160 11.2.1.1 Dilute Acid Hydrolysis . 160 11.2.1.2 Concentrated Acid Hydrolysis . 162 11.3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass 163 11.3.1 Factors Governing Enzymatic Hydrolysis 164 11.3.2 Detoxification. | 11 Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass Part III Hydrolysis and Fermentation Ramakrishnan Anish and Mala Rao CONTENTS Abstract.159 11.1 Introduction.160 11.2 Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass.160 11.2.1 Acid Hydrolysis.160 11.2.1.1 Dilute Acid Hydrolysis. 160 11.2.1.2 Concentrated Acid Hydrolysis.162 11.3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass.163 11.3.1 Factors Governing Enzymatic Hydrolysis.164 11.3.2 Detoxification.166 11.3.2.1 Biological Detoxification Methods.166 11.3.2.2 Physical Detoxification Methods.167 11.3.2.3 Chemical Detoxification Methods.167 11.4 Fermentation of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol.167 11.4.1 Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation SHF .167 11.4.2 Direct Microbial Conversion DMC .167 11.4.3 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation SSF .168 11.5 Recombinant DNA Approaches.168 11.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects.169 References. 170 ABSTRACT Lignocellulose is the most abundant natural renewable resource and is one of the preferred choices for the production of bioethanol. As a substrate for bioethanol production it has a barrier in its complex structure which resists hydrolysis. For lignocellulose to be amenable to fermentation treatments are necessary that release 159 2009 by Taylor Francis Group LLC 160 Handbook of Plant-Based Biofuels monomeric sugars which can be converted to ethanol by microbial fermentation. The current state of the art on acid and enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose and subsequent microbial fermentation to ethanol are described in this chapter. Approaches for detoxification of the lignocellulose hydrolysate for effective fermentation to ethanol are also discussed. 11.1 INTRODUCTION The rapid depletion of fossil fuels coupled with the increasing demands for transportation fuels has necessitated research focus on alternative renewable energy sources. Lignocellulose is the most abundant renewable resource abundantly available for conversion to fuels. On a worldwide basis terrestrial plants .
