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Tham khảo tài liệu 'the mba center grammar review for the toefl - part 3', ngoại ngữ, toefl - ielts - toeic phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | For more material and information please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org Verbs as Modifiers As we have seen verb words have many different uses in English. They can refer to actions of course and also can be nouns or adjectives. Let s look at the three different types of verbal modifiers. Gerunds The gerund is simply the -ing form of a verb. Remember that it is not a verb unless it is preceded by the conjugated verb to be in the present or past continuous tense . Gerunds are very popular on the TOEFL test because as we have said most students assume they are actions. I am smoking too much. verb Smoking is a cultural taboo. noun Look for the smoking gun. adjective Remember that the gerund as a noun can always be replaced with the expression the action of. Thus in the second example we could say The action of smoking is a cultural taboo. By replacing the gerund with this expression we can clearly see that in this sentence smoking is a noun. Infinitives An infinitive by itself can never be the main verb of a sentence. A verb must be conjugated to be an action. Infinitives are almost always subjects but can sometimes follow certain kind of verbs. In both cases infinitives will describe the purpose of an action. To understand an assignment one should read the additional text. I read an additional text to understand the assignment. Participles These are the most easily confused modifiers. Very often a modifier comes after a simple verb but is not a verb The only time a participle can be a verb an action is when it is in the compound tense of the present or past perfect. He is finished with the assignment. The assignment will be rewritten tomorrow. Mr. Smith was considered for the job. In these three examples the participle is describing a noun a finished assignment a rewritten assignment and a considered Mr. Smith. Compare these examples with the three below in which the participle acts as a verb. Notice that the perfect tense must be used in each case. 11
