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One Language, Two Grammars? - part 10

Điều này đưa chúng ta đến ba ví dụ về việc sử dụng tương phản trong lĩnh vực điều khoản không giới hạn. Đầu tiên là cấu trúc của các loại hình minh họa trong ví dụ (22), trong đó có một khoản thuộc về vị biến cách trong khe nhận dạng giả hở | 416 One Language Two Grammars 100 -I 90 - 80 _ 30 43 70 1961 1991 LOB FLOB 15 38 39 1961 1992 Brown Frown BrE AmE Figure 19.44 Marked and unmarked infinitives with pseudo-cleft constructions involving what all thing s or the least most best worst pro-verb do in four matching British and American corpora34 change is also spilling over to BrE which shows a steady rise in the percentage of here is here s how but is far from catching up with AmE. 44. This brings us to three examples of contrasting usage in the domain of non-finite clauses. The first are pseudo-cleft structures of various types illustrated in example 22 which have an infinitival clause in the identifier slot. 22 What All The only thing The least most best worst he can could do is was to sell it. The British-American difference in this case resides in the use or omission of the infinitive marker to. As Figure 19.44 reveals in both varieties there is a distinct trend towards unmarked infinitives which is accelerated in AmE. Thus AmE is once again in the lead of a new drift towards economy while BrE remains more conservative and more explicit. Above and beyond these contrasts the percentage of use of marked infinitives is dependent on several complexity factors. A detailed account of these is beyond the scope of the present survey but see for instance Rohdenburg 2000 31-2 and Rohdenburg 2006b 61 .35 34 For convenience the search has been confined to the verb forms is and was connecting the identifier clause and the identified clause. 35 See furthermore Berlage 2007 and Rohdenburg 2006b 60 which deal with the effects of processing complexity on variable infinitival marking in other contexts. New departures 417 100 -I 90 - 80 - 70 - 253 302 84 60 - 50 - 40 - 203 662 31 30 - 20 10 0 4 164 2 BrE 1.61 pmw BrE 12.86 pmw AmE 2.77 pmw AmE 5.11 pmw as well as in addition to Figure 19.45a Subjectless gerunds associated with as well as and in addition to in selected British and American newspapers database t92 m93 .