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In the present sample of 23 countries in which patients are required to purchase medicines in the public sector, prices paid for the lowest-priced generic medicines, on average, range from 1.9 times the international reference price (IRP) in the Eastern Mediterranean to 3.7 times the IRP in Europe. In some individual countries, local prices for generics exceed the interna- tional reference prices by a factor of four and above: examples include, Ukraine (MPR, 4.0), Sudan (MPR, 4.4), Kazakhstan (MPR, 4.8) and the Philippines (MPR, 6.4). In the Ukraine, Kazakhstan and the Philippines, high procurement prices (3.5, 3.0 and 5.1 times the. | WHO guidelines for assessing quality of herbal medicines with reference to I contaminants and residues WHO guidelines for assessing quality of herbal medicines with reference to contaminants and residues World Health Organization WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data WHO guidelines for assessing quality of herbal medicines with reference to contaminants and residues. 1. Medicine Herbal - standards. 2. Quality control. 3. Drug contamination. 4. Chemistry Analytical. 5. Guidelines. I. World Health Organization. ISBN 978 92 4 159444 8 NLM classification QV 766 World Health Organization 2007 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press World Health Organization 20 Avenue Appia 1211 Geneva 27 Switzerland tel. 41 22 791 3264 fax 41 22 791 4857 e-mail bookorders@who.int . Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications - whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution - should be addressed to WHO Press at the above address fax 41 22 791 4806 e-mail permissions@who.int . The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country territory city or area or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However the published material is .
