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Biofuel's Engineering Process Technology Part 2

Tham khảo tài liệu 'biofuel's engineering process technology part 2', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | The Challenge of Bioenergies An Overview 31 reacted over a catalyst in the FT reactor to produce high-quality clean fuels following the formula 4 Greyvenstein et al. 2008 . Biomass is more reactive than coal and depending on the technology is usually gasified at temperatures of between 550 C and 1 500 C and at pressures varying between 4 and 30 bars Damartzis Zabaniotou 2011 Leibold et al. 2008 Steinberg 2006 . Typically biomass is burned in an electrically heated furnace consisting of several multiple-tube units that can be heated separately up to 1 350 C Theis et al. 2006 . Alternatively the conversion of fossil fuel or biomass can be performed in hydrogen plasma. The temperature induced by an electric arc in hydrogen plasma is very high 1 500 C therefore this technology produces hydrogen and CO gas with a conversion rate of near 100 Steinberg 2006 . FT synthesis generates intermediate products for synthetic fuels Liu et al. 2007 . The thermal efficiency of producing electricity and hydrogen through hydrogen plasma and carbon fuel cells varies from 87 to 92 depending on the type of fuel and the biomass feedstock. This is more than twice as efficient as a conventional steam plant that burns coal and generates power with a 38 efficiency. In addition coupling hydrogen plasma and carbon fuel-cell technologies allows for a 75 reduction in CO2 emission per unit of electricity Steinberg 2006 . Because FT produces predominantly linear hydrocarbon chains this process is currently attracting considerable interest. FT has already been applied on a commercial scale by Sasol Petro S.A. and Shell mainly to produce transportation fuels and chemicals the feedstock being coal or natural gas . This fuel option has several notable advantages. First the FT process can produce hydrocarbons of different lengths typically C15 Liu et al. 2007 from any carbonaceous feedstocks these hydrocarbons can then be refined to easily transportable liquid fuels. Secondly because of their functional