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Tham khảo tài liệu 'energy management systems 2012 part 8', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 128 Energy Management Systems 3. Appliance management Visibility into load or appliance energy usage is essential for energy-efficient management of building loads. Froehlich et al Froehlich et al. 2011 note that the greatest reductions in energy usage are made when users are provided with disaggregated energy use data for each appliance rather than just aggregate energy use data. Therefore in order to determine appropriate energy management strategies building managers and residents require knowledge of their largest loads peak usage times and their usage patterns. Energy-efficient appliance management requires energy sensing measurement appliance control and data analysis recommendations and predictions based on energy usage patterns . In this section we discuss appliance energy consumption the various energy sensing schemes and conclude with a discussion of how these schemes can be incorporated into the next generation of smart meters. 3.1 Appliance energy consumption Residential and commercial electricity usage accounts for 75 of US electricity consumption US Department of Energy 2009 . As can be seen in figure 3a all appliances excluding refrigerators and lighting account for 60 of residential energy usage. The primary electrical loads in commercial buildings are lighting and cooling which comprise almost 50 of all electricity usage figure 3b and 3c and the bulk of commercial electricity bills. It is estimated that a 10-15 reduction in residential electricity use will result in energy savings of 200 billion kWh equivalent to the output of 16 nuclear power plants Froehlich et al. 2011 . These statistics demonstrate the importance of appliance energy management along with the potential savings that can be achieved by means of energy efficiency schemes. Fig. 3. Residential and Commercial energy usage data 3.2 Energy sensing measurement and control As earlier discussed visibility or feedback into energy use is the first step for energy management. Energy usage .