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Tham khảo tài liệu 'environmental impact of biofuels part 8', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 132 Environmental Impact of Biofuels Fig. 4. Health problems related to the sugarcane industry in Brazil 5.2 Health problems due to groundwater contamination In this section emphasis is given to groundwater contamination due to nitrate and agrochemicals. Pesticides are generally over used in the sugarcane fields presenting a serious risk to the environment. Many pesticides have already been confirmed as endocrine disruptors ED . These compounds have estrogenic activity that may disrupt the hormonal system of mammals causing birth defects and infertility diabetes cancer and even changes in behavior. The Brazilian Ministry of Health and the Environment are currently reevaluating the use of these compounds. Potential sources of diffuse contamination are common in agricultural areas and usually in close proximity to the population chlorinated organics pesticides can cause cancer by co-carcinogenic process Vieira et al. 2005 . For example DDT and its metabolites DDD DDE are the substances most cited in the literature for their roles as endocrine disruptors and impacts on human health and the environment Wolff Toniolo 1995 . For persistent compounds like DDT human milk is the most contaminated of all human foods. Although these compounds have been prohibited in many countries they still have an important role in many hormone-dependent cancers such as breast and prostate. This is possible due to high recalcitrance in soils and groundwater that may persist for many decades. This is also true to other organochlorine pesticides and triazine herbicides. The herbicide 2 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2 4-D still used in sugarcane plantations in Brazil see Table 1 is an endocrine disruptor organophosphate pesticide. Human epidemiological studies have already linked this compound to endocrine related cancers McKinlay 2008 . The compound diuron an herbicide commonly present in many pesticides formulas used in sugarcane fields is known to inhibit the actions of androgens. The .
