Đang chuẩn bị nút TẢI XUỐNG, xin hãy chờ
Tải xuống
Sewage sludge as an uncalled for product of wastewater treatment poses the challenge to society of disposing of it, but at the same time gives us the opportunity of beneficial use by closing the cycle of nutrients: sludge derived from agricultural activity must return to soil if a sustainable and ecologically sound management of these materials is desirable (SEQUI et al. 2000). At present the major ways of disposing of sewage sludges are deposition, landfill and incineration, only part of the sludges are used in agriculture. . | Environmental impacts of petroleum production Fate of inorganic and organic chemicals in produced water from the Osage-Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research sites Osage County Oklahoma Yousif K. Kharaka James J. Thordsen Evangelos Kakouros and Marvin M. Abbott U.S. Geological Survey Menlo Park CA 94025 U.S. Geological Survey Oklahoma City OK 73116 ABSTRACT We are involved in a multidisciplinary investigation to study the transport fate and natural attenuation of inorganic salts trace metals radionuclides and organic compounds present in produced water and their impacts on soil surface and ground waters and the local ecosystem at the Osage-Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research OSPER A and B sites. The two sites located in Osage County OK are within the depleted Lester and active Branstetter leases respectively. These leases are typical of many depleted and aging petroleum fields in southern mid-continent of USA. About 1.5 and 1.0 hectare of land at the OSPER A and B sites respectively are affected by salt scarring soil salinization and brine and petroleum contamination due to the leakage of produced water and associated hydrocarbons from brine pits and accidental releases from active and inactive tank batteries. Results to date show that the produced water source is a Na-Ca-Cl brine 150 000 mg L dissolved solids with high concentrations of Mg Sr and NH4 but low SO4 and H2S. With the exception of Fe and Mn the concentrations of trace metals are low. Eventually the bulk of inorganic salts and some dissolved organic species in the released brine reach the adjacent Skiatook Lake a 4 250-hectare reservoir that provides drinking water to the local communities and is a recreational fishery. For the OSPER A site 35 water samples were obtained from an asphaltic pit and an adjacent weathered-oil pit from a local stream channel and from 12 of 24 boreholes 1-35 m deep recently drilled and completed with slotted PVC tubing. Results show that the salinity of water from .
