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Physical chemical treatment ofwater and wastewater

Before any water or wastewater can be treated, it must first be characterized. Thus, characterization needs to be addressed. Waters and wastewaters may be characterized according to their quantities and according to their constituent physical, chemical, and microbiological characteristics. Therefore, Part I is composed of two chapters: “Quantity of Water and Wastewater,” and “Constituents of Water and Wastewater.” | Part I Characteristics of Water and Wastewater Before any water or wastewater can be treated it must first be characterized. Thus characterization needs to be addressed. Waters and wastewaters may be characterized according to their quantities and according to their constituent physical chemical and microbiological characteristics. Therefore Part I is composed of two chapters Quantity of Water and Wastewater and Constituents of Water and Wastewater. 2003 by A. P. Sincere and G. A. Sincere Quantity of Water and Wastewater Related to and integral with the discussion on quantity are the important knowledge and background on the types of wastewater sources of water and wastewater and methods of population projection. The various categories of quantities in the form of design flow rates are also very important. These topics are discussed in this chapter. Because of various factors that have influenced the rate of wastewater generation in recent times including water conservation and the expanded use of onsite systems it is critical that designers have more than just typical wastewater generation statistics to project future usage. Thus a method of determining accurate design flow rates calculated through use of probability concepts are also discussed in this chapter. This method is called probability distribution analysis it is used in the determination of the quantities of water and wastewater so it will be discussed first. 1.1 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS Figure 1.1 shows a typical daily variation for municipal sewage indicating two maxima and two minima during the day. Discharge flows of industrial wastewaters will also show variability they are in general extremely variable and explosive in nature however. They can show variation by the hour day or even by the minute. Despite these seemingly uncorrelated variability of flows from municipal and industrial wastewaters some form of pattern will emerge. For municipal wastewaters these patterns are well-behaved. For