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Chương này mô tả các quá trình được sử dụng để sản xuất vật liệu nano và dự đoán sự phát triển của những quá trình. Thông tin này cung cấp một cơ sở cho sự hiểu biết khả năng tiếp xúc với công nhân và phát hành môi trường. các thảo luận bắt đầu với bối cảnh về quá trình sản xuất và làm thế nào họ có thể truyền đạt mong muốn các thuộc tính một sản phẩm. | 3 Overview of Manufacturing Processes Julie Chen University of Massachusetts Lowell Kathleen Sellers ARCADIS U.S. Inc. CONTENTS 3.1 Introduction.33 3.1.1 Manufacturing Form and Function.33 3.1.2 Looking Forward. .Looking Back.34 3.2 A Brief Primer on Manufacturing Processes.35 3.3 Ramifications of Worker Exposure and Environmental Issues for Nanomanufacturing.40 3.3.1 Four Generations of Nano-Product Development.40 3.3.2 The Impact of Engineered Nanomaterials.42 3.3.3 Integrating Nanoparticles into Nanoproducts.43 3.4 Summary. 47 References.47 This chapter describes the processes used to manufacture nanomaterials and the anticipated evolution of those processes. This information provides a basis for understanding the potential for worker exposure and environmental releases. The discussion begins with context on manufacturing processes and how they can convey desired properties to a product. 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.1.1 Manufacturing Form and Function The ultimate objective of manufacturing is to impart the desired form and function into a product. For example photolithography is one of several steps used to impart physical connections and electronic properties into the integrated circuit chips prevalent in everything from cell phones and computers to the latest automatic coffee 33 2009 by Taylor Francis Group LLC 34 Nanotechnology and the Environment FIGURE 3.1 Exampleofamicro-inj ection molded medicalimplant nexttoapennyforscale. From Miniature Tool and Die Charlton MA www.miniaturetool.com. With permission. makers. The manufacturing process must control both the geometry in terms of the size shape and interconnection of components and the presence of conducting and insulating materials in specific locations. Injection molding a very different process from lithography is used to make everything from large appliance and electronics enclosures to medical implants Figure 3.1 . For the latter form is represented by the control of the implant geometry and function by the .