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Computer science has drawn from and contributed to many disciplines and practices since it emerged as a field in the middle of the 20th century. Those interactions, in turn, have contributed to the evolution of information technology: New forms of computing and communications, and new applications, continue to develop from the creative interaction of computer science and other fields. Focused initially on interactions between computer science and other forms of science and engineering, the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board (CSTB) began in the mid-1990s to examine opportunities at the intersection of computing and the humanities and the arts. In 1997, it organized a workshop that illuminated the potential, as well as. | Beyond Productivity Information Technology Innovation Creativity NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL Of rxf NAPOKAl ACAŨỈMỈS Committee on Information Technology and Creativity Computer Science and Telecommunications Board Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES William J. Mitchell Alan S. Inouye and Marjory S. Blumenthal Editors THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS Washington D.C. www.nap.edu THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street N.W. Washington DC 20001 NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences the National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. Support for this project was provided by the Rockefeller Foundation. Any opinions findings conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsor. International Standard Book Number 0-309-08868-2 Library of Congress Control Number 2003103683 Cover design by Jennifer M. Bishop Copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press 500 Fifth Street N.W. Lockbox 285 Washington DC 20055 800 624-6242 or 202 334-3313 in the Washington metropolitan area. Internet http www.nap.edu. Copyright 2003 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of .