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Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment Systems - Chapter 16 (end)

Loại bỏ các sản phẩm dược và chăm sóc cá nhân (PPCPs) trong quá trình sinh học xử lý nước thải là rất quan trọng để ngăn ngừa sự tích tụ nhanh chóng của những hóa chất trong môi trường của chúng tôi. Theo đó, xử lý nước thải cộng đồng đã phản ứng với các mối quan tâm này với rất nhiều nghiên cứu ứng dụng. phân tích phương pháp bây giờ đã có phát hiện ở mức độ thấp PPCPs trong nước thải, và các cuộc điều tra nước thải dòng chảy đến và nước thải đã cho thấy các lớp học rộng. | 16 Chemical Processes during Biological Wastewater Treatment Willie F. Harper Jr. Tamara Floyd-Smith and Taewoo Yi Contents 16.1 Introduction.363 16.2 The Activated Sludge Process A Brief Overview.364 16.3 Full-Scale Studies.364 16.4 Sorption.368 16.5 Biodegradation.371 16.6 Antibiotic-Resistant Microorganisms and the Activated Sludge Process. 376 16.7 Conclusion . 378 References.378 16.1 INTRODUCTION Removing pharmaceutical and personal-care products PPCPs during biological wastewater treatment is important for preventing the rapid accumulation of these chemicals in our environment. Accordingly the wastewater treatment community has responded to these concerns with a great deal of applied research. Analytical methods are now available for low-level detection of PPCPs in wastewater and surveys of wastewater influent and effluent streams have revealed the broad classes of micropollutants present in municipal wastewater see Chapter 1 and Chapter 5 for a review of the various classes of PPCPs and veterinary medicines present in wastewater . This chapter presents experimental findings related to the sorption and biodegradation of various classes of PPCPs in biological wastewater treatment systems. This includes a review of full-scale PPCP removal performance and looks at key issues related to both sorption and biodegradation. There also is discussion related to the possible effects of antibiotic compounds on the spread of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms via the activated sludge process. 363 2008 by Taylor Francis Group LLC 364 Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment Systems 16.2 THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS A BRIEF OVERVIEW The activated sludge process is used to treat both municipal and industrial wastewater before the water is returned to the environment or reused . In the activated sludge process microorganisms remove soluble organic constituents from wastewater. A conventional municipal activated sludge wastewater treatment plant .