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Trong xã hội có giai cấp, đạo đức có tính giai cấp. Đồng thời, đạo đức cũng có tính kế thừa nhất định. Các hình thái kinh tế - xã hội thay thế nhau, nhưng xã hội vẫn giữ lại những điều kiện sinh hoạt. | A Multi-Criterial Analysis of Moral Status 175 Our capacity for empathy with non-human beings and even with non-sentient organisms prohibits the cruel treatment of any sentient being or the needless destruction of any life form even a plant or microbe. Works of art and other human artefacts along with such natural objects as crystals and unusual rock formations may be protected for their aesthetic historical or cultural value but to do this is not necessarily to grant them moral status. We may however sometimes reasonably decide to grant such status for instance out of respect for the spiritual or religious beliefs of a particular group of people. Species ecosystems and the biosphere can reasonably be accorded moral status and organisms of species that are endangered or especially important to the ecosystem ought to be accorded a stronger status than their intrinsic properties would indicate. Finally families cities and countries are communities to which members may have moral obligations based upon respect for co-members of the community and upon morally justified institutional arrangements. 6.4. The Limited Role of Cultural and Personal Relativity The multi-criterial account leaves room for some legitimate cultural and personal variations in judgements of moral status. However it is incompatible with both 1 the ethical relativist view i.e. that moral truth is entirely determined by what is accepted by a majority of people within a given culture or group and 2 the ethical subjectivist view i.e. that moral truth is entirely a matter of individual opinion. Individuals can be mistaken in their judgements of moral status and so can cultural and religious traditions. The principles I have proposed are not universally accepted yet each is a viable candidate for general acceptance among reasonable people who share the aim of reaching an uncoerced consensus. There is nevertheless an important grain of truth in both the cultural relativist and the subjectivist views. We .
