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Airborne suspended particulate matter (PM) can be either primary or secondary in nature. Primary particles are emitted directly into the atmosphere either by natural or anthropogenic processes, whereas secondary particles have a predominantly man made origin and are formed in the atmosphere from the oxidation and subsequent reactions of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and VOCs. In most European countries, industrialisation and high volumes of traffic mean that anthropogenic sources predominate, especially in urban areas, and sources of anthropogenic particles are similar throughout Europe. The most significant of these are traffic, power plants, combustion sources (industrial and residential), industrial fugitive dust, loading/unloading of bulk goods, mining activities,. | 8 April 1997 Particles Position Paper Final Version AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION BY PARTICULATE MATTER POSITION PAPER EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This paper was prepared by the Technical Working Group on Particles. This Group was set up by the European Commission to help it prepare a daughter directive on ambient air particle pollution in the context of the Ambient Air Quality Assessment and Management Directive 96 62 EC . It consisted of experts from Denmark France Germany co-chair the Netherlands Spain the United Kingdom cochair the Commission DGXI Environment and DGXII Research UNICE Union of Industrial and Employers Confederations of Europe the European Environment Bureau the European Environment Agency the Joint Research Centre Ispra and the World Health Organization. 1. POLLUTANT DESCRIPTION Airborne suspended particulate matter PM can be either primary or secondary in nature. Primary particles are emitted directly into the atmosphere either by natural or anthropogenic processes whereas secondary particles have a predominantly man made origin and are formed in the atmosphere from the oxidation and subsequent reactions of sulphur dioxide nitrogen oxides and VOCs. In most European countries industrialisation and high volumes of traffic mean that anthropogenic sources predominate especially in urban areas and sources of anthropogenic particles are similar throughout Europe. The most significant of these are traffic power plants combustion sources industrial and residential industrial fugitive dust loading unloading of bulk goods mining activities human-started forest fires and in some local cases non-combustion sources such as building construction and quarrying. The main natural sources of airborne particulates in Europe are sea spray and soil resuspension by the wind. In addition in the Mediterranean basin and the Atlantic archipelagos eg Canaries Azores Saharan dust and volcano emissions can also be important natural sources of particles. In Europe ambient concentrations of .
