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Minimally Invasive Surgery represents the future of many types of medical interventions such as keyhole neurosurgey or transluminal endoscopic surgery. These procedures involve insertion of surgical instruments such as needles and endoscopes into human body through small incision/ body cavity for biopsy and drug delivery. | 1 In-field measurement of soil nitrate using an ion-selective electrode Kevin J. Sibley Gordon R. Brewster Tessema Astatkie John F. Adsett Nova Scotia Agricultural College Canada Paul C. Struik Wageningen University the Netherlands 1. Introduction Standard laboratory methods for measurement of soil nitrate NO3-N use various procedures and instruments to analyze soil samples taken from the field and transported to the laboratory. Concerns with these procedures range from delays in measurement time the high cost of soil sampling and analysis high labour requirements and the need to aggregate samples. With recent advances in using the ion-selective electrode as presented in this chapter soil NO3-N can now be measured directly rapidly accurately at low cost at a fine scale and in real-time right in the field. This chapter describes the methodologies and procedures for how this can be done and provides experimental data and results from data analyses that validate measurements of soil NO3-N obtained with a prototype soil nitrate mapping system SNMS developed at the Nova Scotia Agricultural College Truro Nova Scotia Canada. These advances in the in-field use of the nitrate ion-selective electrode NO3 -ISE provide the ability for i assessing soil nitrate variation ii linking soil nitrate variation to crop growth iii developing site-specific crop management practices and iv environmental monitoring of soil nitrate. This chapter will begin with a discussion of the concerns with nitrate in the soil and environment precision agriculture and site-specific crop management variation in soil nitrate and its links to crop growth and yield and issues with assessing soil nitrate variation in a field. Next will be a discussion of ion-selective electrode theory and application for measuring soil nitrate followed by a presentation and discussion of early experiments conducted for determining electrode operating parameters to enable the electrode to be used in a soil slurry. The .
