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· Publish the initial results and disseminate them widely. Even if they are statistically weak, it is crucial to publish them and use them to explore important policy questions from the start, for several reasons. First, wide dissemination of such publications will increase awareness of the work and show how it can address policy questions. This will create additional political and social support for institutionalizing the accounts. Second, publishing initial results based on weak data is likely to help in identifying better data. Often data exist, but those who control them do not see the connections to the accounting work, or are reluctant to make them available | Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. ISSN 0077-8923 ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Issue Ecological Economics Reviews Full cost accounting for the life cycle of coal Paul R. Epstein 1 Jonathan J. Buonocore 2 Kevin Eckerle 3 Michael Hendryx 4 Benjamin M. Stout III 5 Richard Heinberg 6 Richard W. Clapp 7 Beverly May 8 Nancy L. Reinhart 8 Melissa M. Ahern 9 Samir K. Doshi 10 and Leslie Glustrom11 1Center for Health and the Global Environment Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts. Environmental Science and Risk Management Program Department of Environmental Health Harvard School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts. 3Accenture Sustainability Services Philadelphia Pennsylvania. 4Department of Community Medicine West Virginia University Morgantown West Virginia. 5Wheeling Jesuit University Wheeling West Virginia. 6Post Carbon Institute Santa Rosa California. 7Boston University School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts. 8Kentuckians for the Commonwealth London Kentucky 9Department of Pharmacotherapy Washington State University Spokane Washington. 10Gund Institute for Ecological Economics University of Vermont Burlington Vermont. 11 Clean Energy Action Boulder Colorado Address for correspondence Paul R. Epstein M.D. M.P.H. Center for Health and the Global Environment Harvard Medical School Landmark Center 401 Park Drive Second Floor Boston Massachusetts 02215. paul_epstein@hms.harvard.edu Each stage in the life cycle of coal extraction transport processing and combustion generates a waste stream and carries multiple hazards for health and the environment. These costs are external to the coal industry and are thus often considered externalities. We estimate that the life cycle effects of coal and the waste stream generated are costing the U.S. public a third to over one-half of a trillion dollars annually. Many of these so-called externalities are moreover cumulative. Accounting for the damages conservatively doubles to triples the price of electricity from coal per .
