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The Environment for Women’s Entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa Region

Alberta is proving that environmental protection and economic development can happen at the same time. The province has shown leadership through legislation and policies involving land reclamation, water controls, air quality, and human and ecosystem health. In the oil sands, current production methods mean that more energy is needed to produce a barrel of oil than conventional oil. But the gap is closing. Technology continues to advance, reducing the energy and environmental impact of oil sands recovery. . | The Environment for Women s Entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa Region THE WORLD BANK Washington D.c. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report has been produced under the direction of Dr. Mustapha K. Nabli Chief Economist of the Middle East and North Africa Region. The main author of the report is Nadereh Chamlou Senior Advisor and Gender Coordinator . The core team consists of Leora Klapper Senior Economist responsible for chapter 4 s attitudes section Marjan Ehsassi Consultant Francesca Lamanna Consultant Talajeh Livani Consultant Silvia Muzi Consultant Seemeen Saadat Consultant Federica Saliola Consultant and Neda Semnani Consultant . Peer reviewers are Mark Blackden Lead Specialist and Mark Sundberg Lead Economist . Krisztina Mazo provided valuable support. The report was edited by Bruce Ross-Larson Laura Peterson Nussbaum and Zach Schauf of Communications Development Incorporated. The team is grateful for the excellent verbal and written comments from Amanda Ellis Andrew Stone Carlos Silva-Jauregui Carmen Niethammer David Steer Elena Bardasi Farrukh Iqbal Fatemeh Moghadam Isabelle Bleas Jack Roepers Joseph Saba Mary Hallward-Driemeier Michaela Weber Mona Khalaf Najy Benhasine Omer Karasapan Rashida Hamdani Sahar Nasr Soukeina Bouraoui Tatyana Leonova Theodore Ahlers Wendy Wakeman Yasmina Reem Limam and Zoubida Allaoua. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS OVERVIEW.vi 1. THE MIDDLE EAST S ECONOMIC CHALLENGES.1 Recent developments.1 The challenges.4 Female entrepreneurs can become an engine of growth.5 How the report is organized.6 2. FEMALE-OWNED FIRMS DEFY THE EXPECTED.10 More women are individual owners than expected.12 Female-owned firms are large and well established.13 Female-owned firms participate in the global economy.16 Women employ more educated workers and more women.17 Female- and male-owned firms have similar productivity.20 3. INVESTMENT CLIMATE BARRIERS TO FEMALE-OWNED FIRMS.22 Investment climate barriers are not particularly gendered.23 The nongendered .