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is older than culture, for culture, however inadequately defined, always presupposes human society, and animals have not waited for man to teach them their playing. We can safely assert, even, that human civilization has added no essential feature to the general idea of play. Animals play just like men. We have only to watch young dogs to see that all the essentials of human play are present in their merry gambols. They invite one another to play by a certain ceremoniousness of attitude and gesture. They keep to the rule that you shall not bite, or not bite hard, your brother's ear. They pretend to get terribly angry. And-what. | HOMO LUDENS A STUDY OF THE PLAY-ELEMENT IN CULTURE by J. HUIZINGA Late Professor of History in the University of Leyden ROUTLEDGE KEGAN PAUL London Boston and Henley First published in German in Switzerland in Ỉ944 This edition first published in 1949 by Routledge Kegan Paul Ltd 39 Store Street London WeiE 7DD 9 Park Street Boston Mass. 02108 USA and Broadway House Newtown Road Henley-on-Thames Oxon RG9 lEN Reprinted in 1980 Printed in Great Britain by Redwood Burn Ltd Trowbridge Esher No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher except for the quotation of brief passages in criticism ISBN 0 7100 0578 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Translator s Note vii Foreword ix I Nature and Significance of Play as a Cultural Phenomenon I II The Play-Concept as Expressed in Language 28 III Play and Contest as Civilizing Functions 46 IV Play and Law 76 V Play and War 89 VI Playing and Knowing 105 VII Play and Poetry 119 VIII The Elements of Mythopoiesis 136 IX Play-Forms in Philosophy 146 X Play-Forms in Art 158 XI Western Civilization Sub Specie Ludi 173 XII The Play-Element in Contemporary Civiliza- tion 195 Index .
