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Rùa biển có thể do con người gây ra tử vong trong tất cả các giai đoạn cuộc sống. Trên mặt đất, phụ nữ làm tổ, ấp trứng, con non mới nổi có thể bị ảnh hưởng. các tác động có thể là ngẫu nhiên, chẳng hạn như mất phương hướng bởi ánh sáng và xáo trộn hoặc trong những bãi biển, hoặc nó có thể được cố ý thu hoạch chỉ đạo của người lớn và trứng. Một khi rùa trong nước, một loạt rộng lớn của các nguồn mới tác động được đưa chịu. Chúng bao gồm ô nhiễm và các mảnh vụn. | 13 Fisheries-Related Mortality and Turtle Excluder Devices TEDs Sheryan P. Epperly CONTENTS 13.1 Introduction .339 13.2 The Problem.340 13.3 Solutions.340 13.4 Implementation of TEDs in U.S. Fisheries . 342 13.4.1 The Process and the Shrimp Fishery . 342 13.4.2 Leatherback Conservation . 344 13.4.3 Exemptions . 344 13.4.4 TEDs in Other Fisheries .344 13.4.5 Turtle Exclusion .345 13.5 Implementation of TEDs in Shrimp Fisheries Worldwide .346 13.5.1 Implementation of TEDs in Australia .346 13.5.2 U.S. Public Law 101-162 Section 609 .347 13.5.2.1 U.S. Court of International Trade .348 13.5.2.2 World Trade Organization.349 13.6 Conclusions.350 13.7 Acknowledgments.350 References .350 13.1 INTRODUCTION Sea turtles are subject to human-induced mortality during all life stages. On land nesting females incubating eggs and emerging hatchlings may be impacted. The impact may be incidental such as by disorientation by lights and disturbance on or of the beach or it may be intentional by directed harvest of the adults and eggs. Once turtles are in the water a vast variety of new sources of impact are brought to bear. These include pollution and marine debris habitat degradation directed harvest and incidental capture or entrainment by a variety of sources including fishing and dredging. 339 2003 CRC Press LLC 340 The Biology of Sea Turtles Vol. II In 1988 the U.S. Congress mandated a study of the causes and significance of turtle mortality in the coastal waters of the country. A study team was convened by the National Research Council s Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology and Board on Biology. After a comprehensive review the study team concluded that the largest human-associated source of mortality was incidental capture in shrimp trawls associating that activity with more turtle deaths than all other human activities combined Magnuson et al. 1990 . The team estimated that as many as 44 000 turtles were killed annually by the U.S. fleet. Although other fishing gears
