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Environmental pollution has played a critical role in human lives since the early history of the nomadic tribes. During the last millennium, industrial revolution, increased population growth and urbanization have been the major determinants in shaping our environmental quality. Initially primary air pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and particulate matter were of concern. For example, the killer fog of London in 1952 resulted in significant numbers of human fatality leading to major air pollution control measures | DEVELOPMENTS ÍN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 9 Scries Editor SA . Krupa AIR QUALITY AND ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS RELATING SOURCES TO EFFECTS Edited by ALLAN H. LEGGE Air Quality and Ecological Impacts Relating Sources to Effects Edited by Allan H. Legge Biosphere Solutions Calgary Alberta Canada ELSEVIER Amsterdam - Boston - Heidelberg - London - New York - Oxford Paris - San Diego - San Francisco - Singapore - Sydney - Tokyo Elsevier 30 Corporate Drive Suite 400 Burlington MA 01803 USA Radarweg 29 PO Box 211 1000 AE Amsterdam The Netherlands Linacre House Jordan Hill Oxford OX28DP UK First edition 2009 Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic mechanical photocopying recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier s Science Technology Rights Department in Oxford UK phone 44 0 1865 843830 fax 44 0 1865 853333 email permissions@elsevier.com. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http www.elsevier.com locate permissions and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability negligence or otherwise or from any use or operation of any methods products instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences in particular independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 978-0-08-095201-7 ISSN 1474-8177 For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at .