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Typically, green pricing programs are structured so that customers can either purchase green power for a certain percentage of their electricity use (often called “percent-of-use products”) or in discrete amounts or blocks at a fixed price (“block products”), such as a 100 kWh block. Most utilities offer block products but may also allow customers to buy green power for their entire monthly electricity use. Utilities that offer percent-of-use products generally allow residential customers to elect to purchase 25%, 50%, or 100% of their electricity use as renewable energy, while a few offer fractions as small as 10%. Under these types. | Livestock marketing in Kenya-Ethiopia border areas A baseline study Sara Pavanello HPG Working Paper July 2010 About the author Sara Pavanello is a Research Officer in the Humanitarian Policy Group HPG . About the Humanitarian Policy Group The Humanitarian Policy Group at ODI is one of the world s leading teams of independent researchers and information professionals working on humanitarian issues. It is dedicated to improving humanitarian policy and practice through a combination of high-quality analysis dialogue and debate. Humanitarian Policy Group Overseas Development Institute 111 Westminster Bridge Road London SE1 7JD United Kingdom Tel 44 0 20 7922 0300 Fax 44 0 20 7922 0399 Website www.odi.org.uk hpg Email hpgadmin@odi.org.uk Overseas Development Institute 2010 Readers are encouraged to quote or reproduce materials from this publication but as copyright holders ODI requests due acknowledgement and a copy of the publication. This and other HPG publications are available from www.odi.org.uk hpg Contents Acknowledgements.3 Acronyms.4 Executive Summary.7 1. Introduction.9 2. Livestock marketing at the household level.11 2.1 The role and value of livestock in pastoral livelihoods systems.11 2.2 Livestock marketing behaviour at the pastoral household level.11 3. Livestock marketing drivers and prices during drought.13 3.1 Livestock prices and food security during drought distress sales in Mandera.13 3.2 The impact of drought on food security and livestock prices.13 3.3 Adapting to drought.15 4. Livestock marketing actors and key marketing routes.17 4.1 Livestock marketing actors .17 4.2 Clan-based livestock marketing.18 4.3 Livestock marketing routes in southern Ethiopia and northern Kenya.18 5. Cross-border trade between Kenya and Ethiopia.21 5.1 An overview of the cross-border cattle trade at Moyale border markets.21 5.2 Cross-border trade among bordering pastoral communities.23 6. Constraints on livestock marketing in Kenya and Ethiopia.25 6.1 Livestock .
