Đang chuẩn bị nút TẢI XUỐNG, xin hãy chờ
Tải xuống
In addition to global climate change, these include: the health risks posed by stratospheric ozone depletion; loss of biodiversity; stresses on terrestrial and ocean food-producing systems; changes in hydrological systems and the sup- plies of freshwater; and the global dissemination of persistent organic pollutants. Climate change and stratospheric ozone depletion are the best known of these various global environmental changes. Human societies, however, have had long experience of the vicissitudes of climate: climatic cycles have left great imprints and scars on the history of humankind. Civilisations such as those of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, the Mayans, the Vikings in Greenland and European pop- ulations during the four centuries of Little. | jTCansPort Policy INSTITUTE EFFICIENCY EQUITY CLARITY www.vtpi.org Info@vtpi.org Phone Fax 250-360-1560 If Health Matters Integrating Public Health Objectives in Transportation Planning 26 July 2012 Todd Litman Victoria Transport Policy Institute Abstract This report investigates various ways that transportation planning decisions affect public health and how planning practices can better incorporate public health objectives. Conventional planning tends to consider some public health impacts particularly traffic accident risks and pollution emissions measured per vehicle-kilometer but generally ignores the additional accidents and pollution emissions caused by increased vehicle mileage and health problems resulting from less active transport reduced walking and cycling activity . This tends to undervalue strategies that reduce total vehicle travel and increase transport system diversity. This study identifies various win-win strategies that help improve public health and achieve other planning objectives. Summaries of this report were published in Integrating Public Health Objectives in Transportation Decision-Making American Journal of Health Promotion Vol. 18 No. 1 www.healthpromotionjournal.com Sept. Oct. 2003 pp. 103-108. Creating Safe and Healthy Communities Environments A Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Special Issue Planning for Health Through the Built Environment www.fes.uwaterloo.ca research environments index.html Vol. 35 No. 3 2008 pp. 21-43. Todd Alexander Litman 2001-2012 You are welcome and encouraged to copy distribute share and excerpt this document and its ideas provided the author is given attribution. Please send your corrections comments and suggestions for improvement. If Health Matters Victoria Transport Policy Institute Contents Introduction.3 Transportation Health Impacts.4 Traffic Crashes.4 Vehicle Pollution Exposure.9 Physical Activity and Fitness.11 Access to Health-Related Goods and Services.14 Travel Impacts.16 I nduced Vehicle .
