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Chapter 15 Temperate and Boreal Old-Growth Forests: How do Their Growth Dynamics and Biodiversity Differ from Young Stands and Managed Forests? Countries in the northern hemisphere are responsible for the emission of most of the 6.5 Gt carbon (C) produced from fossil fuels annually by humankind. | Chapter 15 Temperate and Boreal Old-Growth Forests How do Their Growth Dynamics and Biodiversity Differ from Young Stands and Managed Forests Ernst-Detlef Schulze Dominik Hessenmoeller Alexander Knohl Sebastiaan Luyssaert Annett Boerner and John Grace 15.1 Introduction Countries in the northern hemisphere are responsible for the emission of most of the 6.5 Gt carbon C produced from fossil fuels annually by humankind. However it has also been estimated that from 1980 onwards terrestrial ecosystems have been providing an effective sink for much of this carbon Schimel et al. 2001 IPCC 2001 2007 . It has been proposed that the net carbon uptake of Europe North America and Siberia has been as much as 4 Gt C year 1 in recent years with a 0.4 Gt C year 1 sink-strength over Europe and a 1.3 Gt C year 1 sink-strength over Siberia Schimel et al. 2001 . Between 1980 and 2000 these regions jointly appeared to balance almost 90 of the fossil fuel emissions 1.9 Gt C year of the EU-15 and Russia. Russian forests due to their vast extent appear to play a key role in the global carbon cycle even though a major part of such forest is unmanaged primary or old-growth forest Shvidenko and Nielsson 1994 TBFRA 2005 . Thus unmanaged forests may be an important component of the northern hemisphere terrestrial carbon sink Luyssaert et al. 2008 . However the national reporting and accounting of carbon stocks that is submitted to the climate secretariat of the UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is based on UNFCCC 1992 Art. 2 which states that only anthropogenic interferences with the climate system shall be stabilised. From this it follows that unmanaged systems are not considered under the UNFCCC reporting system Luyssaert et al. 2008 and see Chap. 20 by Freibauer this volume even though they provide an important service to mankind. Moreover despite being carbon sinks and thus contributing to stabilising atmospheric CO2 concentrations they do not qualify for carbon
