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trong việc tạo ra một hình ảnhcho rõ ràng quân sự hỗn loạn đã đề cập trong báo cáo Tổng tham mưu "95 Bắt đầu trong tháng mười hai và hoàn thành vào tháng trong phòng thu của mình, von Werner thành phần của phí của kỵ binh Pháp đã được rút ra một thang điểm từ 1: 10. | Advanced Research Projects Agency ARPA later DARPA which was mainly involved with funding defense-relevant projects rapidly and un-bureaucratically Licklider supported research that led to development of interaction with computers and ultimately to the personal computer. For Licklider the computer was an intelligent partner which needed to be equipped with attributes of reactive behavior. Then in 1964 Marshall McLuhan appropriated the term symbiosis to describe the future relationship between humans and machines.72 Ivan E. Sutherland made probably the most decisive contribution to the human machine interface in his doctoral thesis Sketchpad 1963 which was supervised by Claude Shannon at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT . Sketchpad was the first graphical user interface and it reformed computer graphics. In 1951 the Whirlwind computer had been developed which allowed direct manipulation of data on a cathode ray monitor at the time still a rarity. It was the first dynamic and interactive display. However Sketchpad enabled the user to draw directly onto the monitor with a hand-held lightpen and thus offered the option of manipulating images directly on the screen the basic prerequisite for interaction with virtual realities. Sketchpad was the precursor of graphics programs such as Adobe Illustrator or MacDraw which replaced the abstract word-commands that is syntax interface with the interface of pointing at icons with a device that is physical action which was also much easier to use. Sutherland s ideas for an ultimate computer display of 1965 were also revolutionary. This display would have the capability to rearrange physical laws optically in exotic concepts and even visualize these through computed matter.74 One remarkable passage recalls Alberti s use of the window metaphor One must look at a display screen as a window through which one beholds a virtual world. The challenge to computer graphics is to make the picture in the window look real sound .
