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Các rạn san hô có thể để lực lượng nhiều, gây ra cả hai tự nhiên và con người, mà có thể thiệt hại nghiêm trọng san hô cộng đồng. Họ dễ bị cho các lực lượng tự nhiên chẳng hạn như hành động làn sóng dữ dội từ lốc xoáy và sóng thần, nhiệt độ cao, núi lửa phun trào, bùng phát dịch bệnh, cũng như con người thay đổi trong chất lượng nước như tăng độ đục, trầm tích bị đình chỉ, thay đổi cấp, chất dinh dưỡng và hóa chất độc hại. Họ cũng phải chịu những thay đổi trong cấu. | 4 Natural Resilience of Coral Reef Ecosystems Norman J. Quinn and Barbara L. Kojis CONTENTS 4.1 Coral Reef Communities in Altered States.61 4.2 Accelerated Reef Restoration.62 4.3 Geographic Variability in Coral Reef Resilience and Implications for Coral Reef Restoration .64 4.3.1 Caribbean .64 4.3.1.1 Jamaica.64 4.3.1.2 United States Virgin Islands.67 4.3.1.3 Implications for Restoration.67 4.3.2 Pacific.68 4.3.2.1 South Pacific.68 4.3.2.2 Marianas Archipelago Western Pacific.69 4.3.2.3 Implications for Restoration.70 4.4 Summary .72 Acknowledgments.72 References.72 4.1 CORAL REEF COMMUNITIES IN ALTERED STATES Coral reefs are subject to many forces both natural and human induced that can severely damage coral communities. They are susceptible to natural forces such as intense wave action from cyclones and tsunamis high temperatures volcanic eruptions and disease outbreaks as well as to anthropogenic changes in water quality such as increases in turbidity suspended sediments changes in nutrient levels and toxic chemicals. They are also subject to changes in ecosystem structure as a result of overfishing the use of destructive fishing methods and the direct destruction of reefs and associated habitats through dredging and filling. Anthropogenic impacts are often more localized than the impacts of natural forces but they are increasing in frequency and extent in association with the coastal development and pollution that accompany increasing numbers of people and rising standards of living.1 It is now generally accepted that coral cover and the abundance of commercially viable fishes and free-living invertebrates have greatly declined throughout the world.2 This decline has been well documented in the Caribbean especially in the Florida Keys Jamaica and the Netherlands Antilles.3 The reasons for this decline are myriad. Some impacts on reefs occur worldwide. For example worldwide bleaching events have likely been unprecedented in their global impact on coral reefs.4
