Đang chuẩn bị nút TẢI XUỐNG, xin hãy chờ
Tải xuống
Hút thuốc gián tiếp (SHS) đã được ước tính gây ra là 2,7% của tất cả các ca tử vong tại Hoa Hoa hàng năm. Bất lợi ảnh hưởng sức khỏe của nó đã được ước tính chi phí nhiều hơn $ 25 tỷ mỗi năm Chỉ riêng ở California. SHS là một nguồn ít nhất 172 chất độc hại trong không khí trong nhà. | 9 Exposure to Secondhand Smoke James L. Repace Tufts University and Repace Associates Inc. CONTENTS 9.1 Synopsis.201 9.2 Introduction.202 9.3 Pollutants from SHS.203 9.4 Smoking Prevalence and Trends.209 9.5 Workplace Exposure.210 9.6 Determining Exposure.210 9.6.1 Biomarkers for SHS Body Fluid Cotinine.210 9.6.2 Misclassification Problems.210 9.7 Secondhand Smoke as Microenvironmental Air Pollution.212 9.7.1 SHS Concentrations.212 9.7.2 Smoking Rates and Emissions.213 9.7.3 A Person s Daily Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution.214 9.8 Atmospheric Tracers for SHS Nicotine and RSP.215 9.9 Time-Averaged Models for SHS Concentrations.217 9.9.1 The Active Smoking Count.218 9.9.2 The Habitual Smoker Model Equation 9.2 with Defaults .220 9.10 Time-Varying SHS Concentrations.221 9.11 Applications SHS in Naturally and Mechanically Ventilated Buildings.223 9.11.1 RSP from SHS in Homes.223 9.11.2 Predicting RSP from SHS in Mechanically Ventilated Buildings.223 9.11.3 SHS in the Hospitality Industry.223 9.11.4 The Delaware Air Quality Survey.224 9.12 Applications RSP and CO from SHS in a Vehicle.225 9.13 Applications Dosimetry Translation of Exposure into Dose via Cotinine Analysis .226 9.14 Future Issues.228 9.15 Acknowledgments .229 9.16 Questions for Review .229 References .231 9.1 SYNOPSIS Secondhand smoke SHS has been estimated to cause as much as 2.7 of all deaths in the United States annually. Its adverse health effects have been estimated to cost more than 25 billion annually in California alone. SHS is a source of at least 172 toxic substances in indoor air. A major pollutant 201 2007 by Taylor Francis Group LLC 202 Exposure Analysis emitted by SHS is respirable suspended particles RSP . RSP concentrations in indoor microenvironments where smoking occurs greatly exceed the levels encountered in smoke-free environments outdoors and in vehicles on busy highways. SHS appears to contribute the overwhelming majority of carcinogenic particle-bound polycyclic aromatic .
