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IN RECENT YEARS it has become impossible to talk about man's relation to nature without referring to "ecology." This peculiar field of study has been suddenly called on, in a manner unusual even in our scienceimpressed age, to playa central intellectual role. Such leading scientists in this area as Rachel Carson, Barry Commoner, Eugene Odum, Paul Ehrlich, and others, have become our new delphic voices, writing bestsellers, appearing in the media, shaping government policies, even serving as moral touchstones. So influential has their branch of science become that our time might well be called the"Age of Ecology.". | DONALD WORSTER NATURE S ECONOMY The Roots of Ecology SIERRA CLUB BOOKS San Francisco To Bev The Sierra club founded in 1892 by John Muir has devoted itself to the study and protection of the nation s scenic and ecological resources mountains wetlands woodlands wild shores and rivers. All club publications are part of the nonprofit effort the club carries on as a public trust. There are some 50 chapters coast to coast in Canada Hawaii and Alaska. Participation is invited in the club s program to enjoy and preserve wilderness everywhere. Address 530 Bush Street San Francisco California 94108. Copyright 1977 by Donald Worster. All rights reserved. Acknowledgment is made for permission to reprint material from Silent Spring by Rachel Carson. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company. Copyright 1962 by Rachel L. Carson. The publisher gratefully acknowledges the interest of the family of the late Thpn-dore Schocken in the publication of this book. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Worster Donald E 1941- Nature s economy. Bibliography pp. 381-398 Includes index. 1. Ecology History. I. Title. QH541.W64 574.5 09 77-7579 ISBN 0-87156-197 2 Book design by Anita Walker Scott Production by David charlsen eữ Others Printed in the United States of America Contents Preface vii Acknowledgments xii PART ONE Two Roads Diverged Ecology in the Eighteenth Century 1 Chapter 1 Science in Arcadia 3 Chapter 2 The Empire of Reason 26 PART TWO The Subversive Science Thoreau s Romantic Ecology 57 Chapter 3 A Naturalist in Concord 59 Chapter 4 Nature Looking Into Nature 77 ----Chapter 6 Roots and Branches 98 PART THREE The Dismal Science Darwinian Ecology 113 Chapter 6 A Fallen World 115 Chapter 7 The Education of a Scientist 130 Chapter 8 Scrambling for Place 145 Chapter 9 The Ascent of Man 170 PART FOUR o Pioneers Ecology on the Frontier 189 Chapter 10 Words on a Map 191 Chapter 11 Clements and the Climax Community 205 Contents V Chapter 12 Dust Follows the Plow PART FIVE The Morals of
