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CHAPTER 4 9 SOLAR ENERGY APPLICATIONS Jan E Kreider Jan F. Kreider and Associates, Inc. and Joint Center for Energy Management University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado 49.1 SOLAR ENERGY AVAILABILITY 1 4 5 9 49.1.1 Solar Geometry 1 4 5 9 49.1.2 Sunrise and Sunset 1552 49. 1 .3 Quantitative Solar Flux Availability 1 5 5 4 SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTORS 1 6 5 0 49.2. 1 Flat-Plate Collectors 1 560 49.2.2 Concentrating Collectors 1564 49.2.3 Collector Testing 1 6 5 8 SOLAR THERMAL APPLICATIONS 1 6 5 9 49.3.1 Solar Water Heating 1 6 5 9 49.4 49.2 49.3.2 Mechanical Solar Space Heating Systems. | CHAPTER 49 SOLAR ENERGY APPLICATIONS Jan F. Kreider Jan F. Kreider and Associates Inc. and Joint Center for Energy Management University of Colorado Boulder Colorado 49.1 SOLAR ENERGY 49.3.2 Mechanical Solar Space AVAILABILITY 1549 Heating Systems 1569 49.1.1 Solar Geometry 1549 49.3.3 Passive Solar Space 49.1.2 Sunrise and Sunset 1552 Heating Systems 1571 49.1.3 Quantitative Solar Flux 49.3.4 Solar Ponds 1571 Availability 1554 49.3.5 Industrial Process Applications 1575 49.2 SOLAR THERMAL 49.3.6 Solar Thermal Power COLLECTORS 1560 Production 1575 49.2.1 Flat-Plate Collectors 1560 49.3.7 Other Thermal 49.2.2 Concentrating Collectors 1564 Applications 1576 49.2.3 Collector Testing 1568 49.3.8 Performance Prediction for Solar Thermal Processes 1576 49.3 SOLAR THERMAL APPLICATIONS 1569 49.4 NONTHERMAL SOLAR 49.3.1 Solar Water Heating 1569 ENERGY APPLICATIONS 1577 49.1 SOLAR ENERGY AVAILABILITY Solar energy is defined as that radiant energy transmitted by the sun and intercepted by earth. It is transmitted through space to earth by electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging between 0.20 and 15 microns. The availability of solar flux for terrestrial applications varies with season time of day location and collecting surface orientation. In this chapter we shall treat these matters analytically. 49.1.1 Solar Geometry Two motions of the earth relative to the sun are important in determining the intensity of solar flux at any time the earth s rotation about its axis and the annual motion of the earth and its axis about the sun. The earth rotates about its axis once each day. A solar day is defined as the time that elapses between two successive crossings of the local meridian by the sun. The local meridian at any point is the plane formed by projecting a north-south longitude line through the point out into space from the center of the earth. The length of a solar day on the average is slightly less than 24 hr owing to the forward motion of the earth
