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CHAPTER 15 ERGONOMIC FACTORS IN DESIGN Bryce G. Rutter, Ph.D., Principal Anne Marie Becka, Editor Metaphase Design Group, Inc. St. Louis, Missouri 15.1 15.2 ERGONOMICS HUMANPERFORMANCE 15.2.1 Physical Ergonomics 15.2.2 Perceptual and Cognitive Ergonomics THE DESIGN PROCESS DESIGNRESEARCH ERGONOMICANALYSES 15.5.1 Anatomical Analysis 15.5.2 Biomechanical Analysis 15.5.3 Task Analysis 15.5.4 Link Analysis 329 329 330 330 330 331 332 332 333 335 335 15.6 15.5.5 Motion Analysis 15.5.6 Thermographic Imprint Analysis 15.5.7 Low-Speed Cine Analysis DESIGNRESEARCH METHODS 15.6.1 Competitive Product Analysis 15.6.2 Product Performance Analysis 15.6.3 Usability Studies 335 336 336 336 336 336 336 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.7 COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF ERGONOMICS AND DESIGN RESEARCH 337 15.1 ERGONOMICS A widespread increase in. | CHAPTER 15 ERGONOMIC FACTORS IN DESIGN Bryce G. Rutter Ph.D. Principal Anne Marie Becka Editor Metaphase Design Group Inc. St. Louis Missouri 15.1 ERGONOMICS 329 15.5.5 Motion Analysis 335 15.5.6 Thermographic Imprint 15.2 HUMAN PERFORMANCE 329 Analysis 336 15.2.1 Physical Ergonomics 15.2.2 Perceptual and Cognitive 330 15.5.7 Low-Speed Cine Analysis 336 Ergonomics 330 15.6 DESIGN RESEARCH METHODS 336 15.3 THE DESIGN PROCESS 330 15.6.1 Competitive Product Analysis 336 15.4 DESIGN RESEARCH 331 15.6.2 Product Performance Analysis 336 15.5 ERGONOMIC ANALYSES 332 15.6.3 Usability Studies 336 15.5.1 Anatomical Analysis 332 15.5.2 Biomechanical Analysis 333 15.7 COST- -BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF 15.5.3 Task Analysis 335 ERGONOMICS AND DESIGN 15.5.4 Link Analysis 335 RESEARCH 337 15.1 ERGONOMICS A widespread increase in the availability of technology in the second half of the twentieth century has meant that more and more people come in contact with a variety of product designs on a daily basis. Regardless of this increase in the number and types of human users many engineers still concentrate their design efforts on the machine or system alone forcing the user to adjust to fit the product. Such readjustments on the part of the user can lead to discomfort and dissatisfaction with the design as well as more serious effects such as safety hazards and personal injury. Ergonomics also called human factors is an applied science that makes the user central to design by improving the fit between that user and his or her tools equipment and environment. Key here is that designs are developed to fit both the physiological and psychological needs of the user. Ergonomists examine all ranges of the human interface from static anthropometric measures and movement ranges to users perceptions of a product. This interface involves both software displays electronic controls etc. and hardware knobs grips physical configurations etc. issues. Ergonomics grew into a distinct scientific
