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CHAPTER 2 STEEL Robert J. King U.S. Steel Group, USX Corporation Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 2.1 METALLOGRAPHY AND HEAT TREATMENT 2.2 IRON-IRON CARBIDE PHASE DIAGRAM 2.2.1 Changes on Heating and Cooling Pure Iron 2.2.2 Changes on Heating and Cooling Eutectoid Steel 2.2.3 Changes on Heating and Cooling Hypoeutectoid Steels 2.2.4 Changes on Heating and Cooling Hypereutectoid Steels 2.2.5 Effect on Alloys on the Equilibrium Diagram 2.2.6 Grain Size—Austenite 2.2.7 Microscopic-Grain-Size Determination 2.2.8 Fine- and Coarse-Grain Steels 2.2.9 Phase Transformations — Austenite 2.2.10 Isothermal Transformation Diagram 2.2.11 Pearlite 2.2.12 Bainite 2.2.13 Martensite 2.2.14 Phase Properties—Pearlite 2.2.15 Phase Properties —Bainite 2.2.16 Phase Properties —Martensite 2.2.17 Tempered Martensite. | CHAPTER 2 STEEL Robert J. King U.S. Steel Group USX Corporation Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 2.1 METALLOGRAPHY AND HEAT 2.4.5 Austempering 28 TREATMENT 18 2.4.6 Normalizing 28 2.4.7 Annealing 29 2.2 IRON-IRON CARBIDE PHASE 2.4.8 Isothermal Annealing 29 DIAGRAM 19 2.4.9 Spheroidization Annealing 31 2.2.1 Changes on Heating and 2.2.10 Process Annealing 31 Cooling Pure Iron 19 2.4.11 Carburizing 31 2.2.2 Changes on Heating and 2.4.12 Nitriding 31 Cooling Eutectoid Steel 19 2.2.3 Changes on Heating and 2.5 CARBON STEELS 31 Cooling Hypoeutectoid Steels 20 2.5.1 Properties 32 2.2.4 Changes on Heating and 2.5.2 Microstructure and Grain Cooling Hypereutectoid Steels 20 Size 32 2.2.5 Effect on Alloys on the 2.5.3 Microstructure of Cast Steels 33 Equilibrium Diagram 20 2.5.4 Hot Working 33 2.2.6 Grain Size Austenite 20 2.5.5 Cold Working 34 2.2.7 Microscopic-Grain-Size 2.5.6 Heat Treatment 34 Determination 21 2.5.7 Residual Elements 35 2.2.8 Fine- and Coarse-Grain Steels 21 2.6 DUAL-PHASE SHEET STEELS 35 2.2.9 Phase Transformations Austenite 21 2.7 ALLOY STEELS 36 2.2.10 Isothermal Transformation 2.7.1 Functions of Alloying Diagram 21 Elements 36 2.2.11 Pearlite 23 2.7.2 Thermomechanical 2.2.12 Bainite 23 Treatment 36 2.2.13 Martensite 23 2.7.3 High-Strength Low-Alloy 2.2.14 Phase Properties Pearlite 23 HSLA Steels 36 2.2.15 Phase Properties Bainite 23 2.7.4 AISI Alloy Steels 36 2.2.16 Phase Properties Martensite 23 2.7.5 Alloy Tool Steels 37 2.2.17 Tempered Martensite 23 2.7.6 Stainless Steels 37 2.2.18 Transformation Rates 23 2.7.7 Martensitic Stainless Steels 37 2.2.19 Continuous Cooling 24 2.7.8 Ferrite Stainless Steels 39 2.7.9 Austenitic Stainless Steels 39 2.3 HARDENABILITY 25 2.7.10 High-Temperature Service Heat-Resisting Steels 40 2.4 HEAT-TREATING PROCESSES 26 2.7.11 Quenched and Tempered 2.4.1 Austenitization 26 Low-Carbon Constructional 2.4.2 Quenching 27 Alloy Steels 41 2.4.3 Tempering 27 2.7.12 Maraging Steels 41 2.4.4 Martempering 28 2.7.13 Silicon-Steel Electrical
