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CHAPTER 57 GAS TURBINES Harold Miller GE Power Systems Schenectady, New York 57.1 INTRODUCTION 57.1.1 Basic Operating Principles 57. 1.2 A Brief History of Gas Turbine Development and Use 57.1.3 Components, Characteristics and Capabilities 57.1.4 Controls and Accessories 57.1.5 Gas Turbine Operation GAS TURBINE PERFORMANCE 57.2.1 Gas Turbine Configurations and Cycle Characteristics 57.2.2 Trends in Gas Turbine Design and Performance 1723 1723 57.3 1727 1728 1737 1740 57.4 1740 1740 1747 APPLICATIONS 1749 57.3.1 Use of Exhaust Heat in Industrial Gas Turbines 1749 57.3.2 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle 1751 57.3.3 Applications in Electricity Generation 1753 57.3.4 Engines for Aircraft 1755 57.3.5 Engines for Surface Transportation 1757 EVALUATIONAND SELECTION 57.4.1. | CHAPTER 57 GAS TURBINES Harold Miller GE Power Systems Schenectady New York 57.1 INTRODUCTION 1723 57.1.1 Basic Operating Principles 1723 57.1.2 A Brief History of Gas Turbine Development and Use 1727 57.1.3 Components Characteristics and Capabilities 1728 57.1.4 Controls and Accessories 1737 57.1.5 Gas Turbine Operation 1740 57.2 GAS TURBINE PERFORMANCE 1740 57.2.1 Gas Turbine Configurations and Cycle Characteristics 1740 57.2.2 Trends in Gas Turbine Design and Performance 1747 57.3 APPLICATIONS 1749 57.3.1 Use of Exhaust Heat in Industrial Gas Turbines 1749 57.3.2 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle 1751 57.3.3 Applications in Electricity Generation 1753 57.3.4 Engines for Aircraft 1755 57.3.5 Engines for Surface Transportation 1757 57.4 EVALUATION AND SELECTION 1759 57.4.1 Maintenance Intervals Availability and Reliability 1759 57.4.2 Selection of Engine and System 1761 57.1 INTRODUCTION 57.1.1 Basic Operating Principles Gas turbines are heat engines based on the Brayton thermodynamic cycle. This cycle is one of the four that account for most of the heat engines in use. Other cycles are the Otto Diesel and Rankine. The Otto and Diesel cycles are cyclic in regard to energy content. Steady-flow continuous energy transfer cycles are the Brayton gas turbine and Rankine steam turbine cycles. The Rankine cycle involves condensing and boiling of the working fluid steam and utilizes a boiler to transfer heat to the working fluid. The working fluid in the other cycles is generally air or air plus combustion products. The Otto Diesel and Brayton cycles are usually internal combustion cycles wherein the fuel is burned in the working fluid. In summary the Brayton cycle is differentiated from the Otto and Diesel cycle in that it is continuous and from the Rankine in that it relies on internal combustion and does not involve a phase change in the working fluid. In all cycles the working fluid experiences induction compression heating expansion and exhaust. In a non-steady
