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Urban Health and Society: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Research and Practice - Part 25. This book provides the most current frameworks, research, and approaches for understanding how unique features of the urban physical and social environments that shape the health of over half of the world's population that is already residing in large cities. Its interdisciplinary research and practice focus is a welcome innovation. | Social and Economic Determinants of Health After Disasters 221 Historical processes also influence the postdisaster outcome particularly as related to historical-political relationships. As Olsen and colleagues22 point out many of the most disaster prone countries worldwide are in areas that are of little security interest to the United States or other developed countries and therefore receive minimal emergency funding. Colonial historical relations also influence responses and therefore postdisaster consequences. In an interesting recent example the 7.5 magnitude earthquake that hit Mozambique in February 2006 was notably benign in part due to building codes imposed on the country by Portugal during the colonial period.23 Political structures and systems of governance establish the parameters e.g. taxation federal- state relations that shape many of the other contextual factors influencing health after disasters. For example analyses of state failures such as those that have occurred in Liberia and Somalia and which often precede or predispose to disasters show that these events are far more likely to occur in partial as compared to fully democratic regimes.24 Similarly postdisaster response may be influenced by political structures and governance as we describe in more detail later. Even within areas that share geographic historical and political structures the level of community wealth acts as a local vulnerability or a capacity. There is an abundance of research in public health demonstrating that aggregate community socioeconomic status is associated with health independent of individual socioeconomic position. Community socioeconomic status encompasses multiple domains including high rates of poverty and unemployment and lower education and income levels.25 Empirically low community socioecological status frequently also referred to as community deprivation is a determinant of health outcomes including health-related behaviors mental health infant mortality .
