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Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Part 2

Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Part 2. Spinal disorders are among the most common medical conditions with significant impact on health related quality of life, use of health care resources and socio-economic costs. Spinal surgery is still one of the fastest growing areas in clinical medicine. | XIV Contents Interspinous Process Distraction Technique Recapitulation. Key Articles. References. 4 Age-Related Changes of the Spine Atul Sukthankar Andreas G. Nerlich Günther Paesold Core Messages. Epidemiology . Case Introduction. General Age-Related Changes. Functional Spine Unit. The Intervertebral Disc and Cartilage Endplate Intervertebral Disc. The Cartilage Endplate. The Facet Joints. Normal Anatomy . Age-Related Changes. Vertebral Bodies. Normal Anatomy and Composition. Age-Related Changes. Spinal Ligaments. Normal Anatomy and Composition. Age-Related Changes. Spinal Muscles. Normal Anatomy and Structure. Age-Related Changes. Recapitulation. Key Articles. References. 5 Pathways of Spinal Pain Heike E. Künzel Norbert Boos Core Messages. Historical Background. Precartesian Theories. Cartesian Theory . Gate Control Theory. Modern Pain Theories. Epidemiology of Chronic Pain . Definition and Classification. Temporal Course. Contemporary Pain Classification . Pathways of Pain. Transduction. Conduction. Transmission and Modulation . Pain Projection. Pain Perception. Neuroplasticity. Peripheral Sensitization. Transcriptional DRG Changes. Central Sensitization . 83 84 85 86 91 91 92 92 93 95 95 107 109 109 109 110 110 110 111 111 111 112 112 112 114 115 116 123 123 123 124 124 124 125 125 126 126 128 129 130 130 133 134 135 135 136 136 Disinhibition. 137 Endogenous and Environmental Influences on Pain Perception. 137 Clinical Assessment of Pain. 138 Differentiating Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain. 138 General Concepts of Pain Treatment . 141 Pharmacological Treatment. 141 Non-pharmacological Treatment of Spinal Pain. 143 Biopsychosocial Interventions . 143 Surgical Treatment. 144 Recapitulation. 144 Key Articles. 145 References . 146 6 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Spinal Disorders Achim Elfering Anne F. Mannion Core Messages. 153 General Scope. 153 Objectives in Spinal Disorders . 154 Classification of Spinal Disorders. 155 Etiology. 155 Time Course . 155 Low