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Tham khảo tài liệu 'the grammar book teacher course part 82', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Chapter 27 Conditional Sentences 5. Hwang 1979 demonstrates that ESL EFL students confuse hypothetical and coun-terfactual conditionals and cannot interpret them properly even when they are able to select the correct form on a multiple-choice test item. Many students interpret hypotheti-cals as if they were counterfactuals thus ignoring a subtle but important semantic distinction in English. 6. See Harsh 1968 for a comprehensive description of the subjunctive in English. 7. In colloquial English was in fact often occurs in such imaginative conditional sentences in lieu of were. 8. Note that when the only ifclmse. is fronted this forces subject operator inversion in the main clause Only if it rains i will I stay home. I 1 will stay home. We believe that this occurs because of the negative implication that only if conveys as part of its exclusive meaning i.e. no other condition will bring about the result 9. Such conditional sentences highlight another problem for ESL EFL students. Hwang 1979 shows that they have severe problems interpreting conditionals with one or two negatives so this must be an area to which the teacher gives special attention. 10. Both the ungrammatical example with unless and the difference in meaning in the executive jet examples can be explained by the fact that unless is incompatible with a counterfactual interpretation. Unless can be used hypothetically but not counterfactually. 11. Note that this structure might be a simplification of structure F If had -en would could might have -en if the simple past is replacing the past perfect in the if clause. 12. Structure E contains were to as well as were which means that future hypothetical are included here too. 13. This ratio is confirmed by Ford and Thompson 1986 who found twice as many conditionals occurring per 1 000 words in their oral corpus than in their written one. Introduction to Relative Clauses Introduction You ll need to know a great deal about relative clauses as a teacher of ESL .
