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This chapter introduces basic concepts needed for the study and description of morphologically complex words. Since this is a book about the particular branch of morphology called word- formation, we will first take a look at the notion of ‘word’. We will then turn to a first analysis of the kinds of phenomena that fall into the domain of word-formation, before we finally discuss how word-formation can be distinguished from the other sub-branch of morphology, inflection. | Word-formation in English by Ingo Plag Universität Siegen in press Cambridge University Press Series ‘Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics’ Draft version of September 27, 2002 i TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 1. Basic concepts 4 1.1. What is a word? 4 1.2. Studying word-formation 12 1.3. Inflection and derivation 18 1.4. Summary 23 Further reading 23 Exercises 24 2. Studying complex words 25 2.1. Identifying morphemes 25 2.1.1. The morpheme as the minimal linguistic sign 25 2.1.2. Problems with the morpheme: the mapping of form and meaning 27 2.2. Allomorphy 33 2.3. Establishing word-formation rules 38 2.4. Multiple affixation 50 2.5. Summary 53 Further reading 54 Exercises 55 3. Productivity and the mental lexicon 551 3.1. Introduction: What is productivity? 551 3.2. Possible and actual words 561 3.3. Complex words in the lexicon 59 3.4. Measuring productivity 64 1 Pages 55-57 appear twice due to software-induced layout-alterations that occur when the word for windows files are converted into PDF. ii 3.5. Constraining productivity 73 3.5.1. Pragmatic restrictions 74 3.5.2. Structural restrictions 75 3.5.3. Blocking 79 3.6. Summary 84 Further reading 85 Exercises 85 4. Affixation 90 4.1. What is an affix? 90 4.2. How to investigate affixes: More on methodology 93 4.3. General properties of English affixation 98 4.4. Suffixes 109 4.4.1. Nominal suffixes 109 4.4.2. Verbal suffixes 116 4.4.3. Adjectival suffixes 118 4.4.4. Adverbial suffixes 123 4.5. Prefixes 123 4.6. Infixation 127 4.7. Summary 130 Further reading 131 Exercises 131 5. Derivation without affixation 134 5.1. Conversion 134 5.1.1. The directionality of conversion 135 5.1.2. Conversion or zero-affixation? 140 5.1.3. Conversion: Syntactic or morphological? 143 5.2. Prosodic morphology 145 5.2.1. Truncations: Truncated names, -y diminutives and clippings 146 5.2.2. Blends 150 iii 5.3. Abbreviations .
