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Studies on electrolyte formulations to improve life of lead acid batteries working under partial state of charge conditions

For decades, valve regulated lead acid batteries with gel electrolyte have proved their excellent performance in deep cycling applications. However, their higher cost, when compared with flooded batteries, has limited their use in cost sensitive applications, such as automotive or PV installations. The use of flooded batteries in deep or partial state of charge working conditions leads to limited life due to premature capacity loss provoked by electrolyte stratification. | ELSEVIER Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Ÿ ScienceDirect Journal of Power Sources 162 2006 851-863 Studies on electrolyte formulations to improve life of lead acid batteries working under partial state of charge conditions J.C. Hernandez M.L. Soria M. Gonzalez E. Garcia-Quismondo A. Munoz F. Trinidad Exide Technologies Research and Innovation Autovia A-2 km 42 E-19200 Azuqueca de Henares Spain Received 11 February 2005 accepted 15 July 2005 Available online 19 September 2005 Abstract For decades valve regulated lead acid batteries with gel electrolyte have proved their excellent performance in deep cycling applications. However their higher cost when compared with flooded batteries has limited their use in cost sensitive applications such as automotive or PV installations. The use of flooded batteries in deep or partial state of charge working conditions leads to limited life due to premature capacity loss provoked by electrolyte stratification. Different electrolyte formulations have been tested in order to achieve the best compromise between cost and life performance. Work carried out included electrochemical studies in order to determine the electrolyte stability and diffusional properties and kinetic studies to check the processability of the electrolyte formulation. Finally several 12 V batteries have been assembled and tested according to different ageing profiles. 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords Valve-regulated lead-acid batteries Gel electrolytes PSOC Cycle life Failure mode analysis 1. Introduction Flooded lead-acid batteries are now extensively used in automotive as well as in many traction and stationary applications due to their lower cost when compared to valve regulated lead acid VRLA batteries either with gel or absorptive glass mat AGM technologies. However novel vehicle requirements demand battery working regimes mainly under partial-state-of-charge PSOC conditions that in the case of flooded batteries lead to premature .