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During development of an undivided flow battery based on the Pb(II)/Pb and PbO2 /Pb(II) couples in aqueous methanesulfonic acid, it was noted that battery performance might be improved by additives that (i) decrease the roughness of the lead deposit at the negative electrode and (ii) enhance the kinetics of the Pb(II)/PbO2 couple at the positive electrode. This paper reports the study of sodium ligninsulfonate and polyethylene glycol as potential levelling agents for lead and of three inorganic ions as possible catalysts for the Pb(II)/PbO2 couple. . | Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ELSEVIER Journal of Power Sources 149 2005 103-111 A novel flow battery A lead acid battery based on an electrolyte with soluble lead II IV. The influence of additives Ahmed Hazza Derek Pletcher Richard Wills The School of Chemistry The University Southampton SO171BJ UK Received 16 November 2004 received in revised form 24 January 2005 accepted 31 January 2005 Available online 22 March 2005 Abstract During development of an undivided flow battery based on the Pb II Pb and PbO2 Pb II couples in aqueous methanesulfonic acid it was noted that battery performance might be improved by additives that i decrease the roughness of the lead deposit at the negative electrode and ii enhance the kinetics of the Pb II PbO2 couple at the positive electrode. This paper reports the study of sodium ligninsulfonate and polyethylene glycol as potential levelling agents for lead and of three inorganic ions as possible catalysts for the Pb II PbO2 couple. The addition of 1 g dm-3 ligninsulfonate leads to uniform deposits without the tendency to form dendrites but leads to a slight decrease in both charge and energy efficiency for the battery. Only nickel II reduced the overpotential for PbO2 deposition but again it has an adverse influence on the energy efficiency. 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords Flow batteries Lead acid Methanesulfonic acid 1. Introduction In recent papers 1-3 a novel flow battery has been reported. The battery is based on the electrode reactions of lead II in methanesulfonic acid see Eqs. 1 - 3 in the previous paper 3 . The reactions differ from those in the traditional lead acid battery 4 5 because lead II is highly soluble in methanesulfonic acid 6 . During these earlier studies two potential roles for additives were identified. Firstly it was found that although deposits of PbO2 at the positive electrode always appeared to have the essential uniformity under some conditions the lead deposit at the negative
