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Web Application Design Patterns- P6: This is the type of book you’ll want to read with your entire team and a fl ip chart because every page will produce a list of actionable changes for the applications you’re developing. Pawan Vora has produced an amazing catalogue of the essential patterns for designing today’s web-based applications. | 130 CHAPTER 5 Navigation page. Because of their placement near primary and secondary navigations breadcrumbs shouldn t visually compete for attention or distract users from the main navigation mechanisms. Related design patterns Breadcrumbs should be given lesser emphasis than other important elements on the page such as the page title PRIMARY NAVIGATION and SECONDARY NAVIGATION see VISUAL HIERARCHY pattern in Chapter 12 . WIZARDS Problem Users need to complete several steps in a specific order to complete a task e.g. checking out an item on an e-commerce site making reservations filing taxes and so forth . Because most users are going to perform the task occasionally they may not acquire enough familiarity or expertise to remember the steps and their order for successfully accomplishing it. Solution Guide users through steps one at a time in a predetermined sequence Figure 5.32 . Such interfaces are commonly referred to as wizards. FIGURE 5.32 British Airways walks users through a wizard to help them make flight reservations. Wizards 137 Why Wizards are useful when users must go through a specific sequence of steps and perform a set of individual tasks in succession e.g. checkout for e-commerce applications or opening an account with a financial institution . They are also useful for complex tasks with branches or dependencies among elements which require considerable domain knowledge to complete Dryer 1997 . By breaking such tasks into smaller steps and guiding users through each step wizards hide the complexity of the underlying task. They require users to focus on only a few data elements at a time and let the application keep track of what they have done and still need to do. Additionally by guiding users through each step errors are minimized and the chances of users successfully accomplishing the task are improved. Finally wizards are also useful when a task is critical for accomplishing users goals Wickham et al. 2002 . For example in e-commerce .
