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Ali Emadi and Mehrdad Ehsani Mechanical, electrical, and centralized hydraulic and pneumatic systems are conventional power transfer systems in an aircraft. The More-Electric Aircraft (MEA) concept emphasizes utilizing electrical systems to replace more aircraft conventional power transfer systems and to facilitate new introduced electrical loads. Improving | 21 More-Electric Vehicles Ali Emadi 21.1 Illinois Institute of Technology Mehrdad Ehsani Texas A M University 21.2 Aircraft Conventional Electrical Loads Power Generation Systems Aircraft Electrical Distribution Systems Advanced Electrical Loads Advanced Electrical Distribution System Architectures Conclusions Terrestrial Vehicles Electrical Power Systems of Conventional Cars Advanced Electrical Loads Increasing the System Voltage Advanced Distribution Systems Electrical Power Systems of Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles Automotive Electric Motor Drives Conclusions 21.1 Aircraft Ali Emadi and Mehrdad Ehsani Mechanical electrical and centralized hydraulic and pneumatic systems are conventional power transfer systems in an aircraft. The More-Electric Aircraft MEA concept emphasizes utilizing electrical systems to replace more aircraft conventional power transfer systems and to facilitate new introduced electrical loads. Improving reliability maintainability supportability survivability performance safety emissions and operating costs are the main motivations behind the MEA concept. Conventional Electrical Loads The power needed for the subsystems in an aircraft is currently derived from mechanical electrical hydraulic and pneumatic sources or a combination of them 1-3 . Generally hydraulic power transfer systems are used for most of the actuators. On the other hand pneumatic power transfer systems are mainly employed for air-conditioning pressurization and ice protection systems. Electrical and electronic systems are usually used for avionics and utility functions such as air data instruments communications landing gear lighting navigation and comfort of the passengers. Other conventional subsystems that are driven by the electrical sources include energy storage engine starting ignition anti-skid control and deicing and anti-icing systems 3 . Power Generation Systems The wound-field synchronous machine has traditionally been used to generate AC electrical power
