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In order to meet the long-term objectives for cost reduction and wider applicability of desalination identified in the Roadmap, innovative ideas will need to be developed and nurtured | Review of the Desalination and Water Purification Technology Roadmap http www.nap.edu catalog 10912.html 3 Key Technological and Scientific Issues for Desalination In order to meet the long-term objectives for cost reduction and wider applicability of desalination identified in the Roadmap innovative ideas will need to be developed and nurtured. The Roadmap and recommendations made in this report should not restrict investment in emerging ideas and technologies but should instead serve to stimulate creative thinkers to apply their expertise and knowledge to achieve the goal of improving desalination and water purification processes and considerably lowering their costs. Five technology areas are identified in the Roadmap membranes thermal technology alternative technologies concentrate management and reuse and recycling. These areas clearly point in the right direction although the environmental economic and social costs of energy for desalination should be included within an additional crosscutting research area. According to one example provided in the Roadmap electrical power accounts for 44 percent of the costs of reverse osmosis of seawater USBR and SNL 2003 although the exact costs will vary with plant size or the cost of electricity. The impacts of energy use will need to be examined for desalination plants to become more widely used. While research and technological developments continue to reduce the costs of desalinated water by optimizing performance additional cost reductions may be more difficult to achieve especially as many current systems are already operating at high efficiencies. This chapter discusses the technological and scientific issues for desalination according to the five technological areas in the Roadmap. For each technology area the cost issues and technical opportunities for contributing to desalination are described and the projects identified in the Roadmap are reviewed. Missing topics that deserve further study are presented and .
