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A solid generally has a definite shape; a fluid has a shape determined by its container. Fluids include liquids, gases, and vapors, or mixtures of these. A fluid continuously deforms when shear stresses are present; it cannot sustain shear stresses at rest. | CHAPTER 40 FLUID MECHANICS Reuben M. Olson College of Engineering and Technology Ohio University Athens Ohio 40.1 DEFINITION OF A FLUID 1290 40.9.1 Laminar and Turbulent Flow 1307 40.2 IMPORTANT FLUID PROPERTIES 1290 40.9.2 Boundary Layers 1307 40.10 GAS DYNAMICS 1310 40.3 FLUID STATICS 1290 40.10.1 Adiabatic and Isentropic 40.3.1 Manometers 1291 Flow 1310 40.3.2 Liquid Forces on 40.10.2 Duct Flow 1311 Submerged Surfaces 1291 40.10.3 Normal Shocks 1311 40.3.3 Aerostatics 1293 40.10.4 Oblique Shocks 1313 40.3.4 Static Stability 1293 40.11 VISCOUS FLUID FLOW IN 40.4 FLUID KINEMATICS 1294 DUCTS 1313 40.4.1 Velocity and Acceleration 1295 40.11.1 Fully Developed 40.4.2 Streamlines 1295 Incompressible Flow 1315 40.4.3 Deformation of a Fluid 40.11.2 Fully Developed Element 1295 Laminar Flow in Ducts 1315 40.4.4 Vorticity and Circulation 1297 40.11.3 Fully Developed 40.4.5 Continuity Equations 1298 Turbulent Flow in Ducts 1316 40.5 FLUID MOMENTUM 1298 40.11.4 Steady Incompressible 40.5.1 The Momentum Theorem 1299 Flow in Entrances of 40.5.2 Equations of Motion 1300 40.11.5 Ducts Local Losses in 1319 40.6 FLUID ENERGY 1301 Contractions 40.6.1 Energy Equations 1301 Expansions and Pipe 40.6.2 Work and Power 1302 Fittings Turbulent 40.6.3 Viscous Dissipation 1302 40.11.6 Flow Flow of Compressible 1319 40.7 CONTRACTION Gases in Pipes with COEFFICIENTS FROM POTENTIAL Friction 1320 FLOW THEORY 1303 40.12 DYNAMIC DRAG AND LIFT 1323 40.12.1 Drag 1323 40.8 DIMENSIONLESS NUMBERS AND DYNAMIC SIMILARITY 1304 40.12.2 Lift 1323 40.8.1 Dimensionless Numbers 1304 40.13 FLOW MEASUREMENTS 1324 40.8.2 Dynamic Similitude 1305 40.13.1 Pressure Measurements 1324 40.13.2 Velocity Measurements 1325 40.9 VISCOUS FLOW AND 40.13.3 Volumetric and Mass INCOMPRESSIBLE Flow Fluid BOUNDARY LAYERS 1307 Measurements 1326 All figures and tables produced with permission from Essentials of Engineering Fluid Mechanics Fourth Edition by Reuben M. Olsen copyright 1980 Harper Row Publishers. Mechanical Engineers .
