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Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) encompasses those physical and chemical tests that are used to determine if a component or structure can perform its intended function without the test methods impairing the component's performance. | CHAPTER 25__ NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING Robert L. Crane Theodore E. Matikas Air Force Wright Laboratory Materials Directorate Nondestructive Evaluation Branch WL MLLP Wright Patterson Air Force Base Dayton Ohio 25.1 INTRODUCTION 729 25.2 LIQUID PENETRANTS 730 25.2.1 The Penetrant Process 730 25.2.2 Categories of Penetrants 730 25.2.3 Reference Standards 730 25.2.4 Limitations of Penetrant Inspections 730 25.3 ULTRASONIC METHODS 732 25.3.1 Soundwaves 733 25.3.2 Reflection and Transmission of Sound 733 25.3.3 Refraction of Sound 735 25.3.4 The Inspection Process 737 25.4 RADIOGRAPHY 738 25.4.1 The Generation and Absorption of X Radiation 25.4.2 Neutron Radiography 739 740 25.4.3 Attenuation of X Radiation 741 25.4.4 Film-Based Radiography 742 25.4.5 The Penetrameter 743 25.4.6 Real-Time Radiography 744 25.4.7 Computed Tomography 744 25.5 EDDY CURRENT INSPECTION 746 25.5.1 The Skin Effect 746 25.5.2 25.5.3 The Impedance Plane Liftoff of the Inspection Coil from the Specimen 746 747 25.6 THERMAL METHODS 750 25.6.1 Infrared Cameras 750 25.6.2 Thermal Paints 751 25.6.3 Thermal Testing 751 25.7 MAGNETIC PARTICLE METHOD 751 25.7.1 The Magnetizing Field 751 25.7.2 Continuous versus Noncontinuous Fields 752 25.7.3 The Inspection Process 753 25.7.4 Demagnetizing the Part 753 APPENDIX A ULTRASONIC PROPERTIES OF COMMON MATERIALS 754 APPENDIX B ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITIES AND CONDUCTIVITIES OF COMMERCIAL METALS AND ALLOYS 759 25.1 INTRODUCTION Nondestructive evaluation NDE encompasses those physical and chemical tests that are used to determine if a component or structure can perform its intended function without the test methods impairing the component s performance. Until recently NDE was relegated to detecting physical flaws and estimating their dimensions. These data were used to determine if a component should be scrapped or repaired based on quality-acceptance criteria. Such traditional definitions are being expanded as requirements for high-reliability cost-effective .
