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As I write this in the year 2002 electric vehicles (EVs) are practically irrelevant for road transport (Figure 10.1). In the year 2000 there were 109 electric cars registered in Germany out of 3,378,343 total (0.003%). Why do we talk about EVs at all? Electricity is widely used in nearly all industrial and private areas because it can be converted easily into heat, light, and motion and runs all electric devices. Electricity is convenient, clean where it is used, and economical. | 10 High Energy Batteries C.-H. DUSTMANN 10.1 INTRODUCTION As I write this in the year 2002 electric vehicles EVs are practically irrelevant for road transport Figure 10.1 . In the year 2000 there were 109 electric cars registered in Germany out of 3 378 343 total 0.003 . Why do we talk about EVs at all Electricity is widely used in nearly all industrial and private areas because it can be converted easily into heat light and motion and runs all electric devices. Electricity is convenient clean where it is used and economical. To an increasing extent it is used with batteries in telephones computers tools etc. independent from the direct connection to a power plant. Electric motors with inverters using modern power electronics have the perfect characteristics for city vehicles. Due to the high torque from zero speed no clutch is necessary. Overload capability for acceleration makes an 18-kW electric motor more dynamic than a 42-kW gasoline engine Figure 10.2 . Electric vehicles are quiet have no emissions and offer the option to use any renewable primary energy for mobility. The only reason for which electric vehicles are used to the very limited extent they are now is the battery the key component for the performance and autonomy of electric vehicles. In the following chapters those battery systems will be described that offer a specific energy of about 100Wh kg. This specific energy is necessary for the minimum range of 100 km in Europe or 100 miles in the United States under all normal driving conditions for a marketable electric vehicle. Figure 10.3 shows a substitution potential of 25 of cars in private households if the vehicle range is Copyright 2003 by Expert Verlag. All Rights Reserved. Figure 10.1 30 years EV registrations in Germany. From Ref. 1. rpm 1 min Figure 10.2 Torque and power characteristic of an electric motor with rated power of 18 kW and a 1.4L gasoline engine. From Ref. 2. Power kW Copyright 2003 by Expert Verlag. All Rights Reserved. Figure
