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Electronics is the technology of controlling the flow of electrons whereas photonics is the technology of controlling the flow of photons. Electronics and photonics have been | Fundamentals of Photonics Bahaa E. A. Saleh Malvin Carl Teich Copyright 1991 John Wiley Sons Inc. ISBNs 0-471-83965-5 Hardback 0-471-2-1374-8 Electronic CHAPTER 15 PHOTONS IN SEMICONDUCTORS 15.1 SEMICONDUCTORS A. Energy Bands and Charge Carriers B. Semiconducting Materials C. Electron and Hole Concentrations D. Generation Recombination and Injection E. Junctions F. Heterojunctions G. Quantum Wells and Superlattices 15.2 INTERACTIONS OF PHOTONS WITH ELECTRONS AND HOLES A. Band-to-Band Absorption and Emission B. Rates of Absorption and Emission C. Refractive Index William P. Shockley 1910-1989 left Walter H. Brattain 1902-1987 center and John Bardeen 1908-1991 right shared the Nobel Prize in 1956 for showing that semiconductor devices could be used to achieve amplification. 542 Electronics is the technology of controlling the flow of electrons whereas photonics is the technology of controlling the flow of photons. Electronics and photonics have been joined together in semiconductor optoelectronic devices where photons generate mobile electrons and electrons generate and control the flow of photons. The compatibility of semiconductor optoelectronic devices and electronic devices has in recent years led to substantive advances in both technologies. Semiconductors are used as optical detectors sources light-emitting diodes and lasers amplifiers waveguides modulators sensors and nonlinear optical elements. Semiconductors absorb and emit photons by undergoing transitions between different allowed energy levels in accordance with the general theory of photon-atom interactions described in Chap. 12. However as we indicated briefly there semiconductors have properties that are unique in certain respects A semiconductor material cannot be viewed as a collection of noninteracting atoms each with its own individual energy levels. The proximity of the atoms in a solid results in one set of energy levels representing the entire system. The energy levels of semiconductors take the
