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Experimental Determinations of Surface Structure Low-Energy Electron Diffraction • High-Resolution Electron Microscopy • Field Ion Microscopy Chemical Analysis of Surfaces Auger Electron Spectroscopy • X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy • Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy • Infrared Spectroscopy • Thermal Desorption | Ferrante J. et. al. Surface Physics in Tribology Handbook of Micro Nanotribology. Ed. Bharat Bhushan Boca Raton CRC Press LLC 1999 1999 by CRC Press LLC 3 Surface Physics in Tribology John Ferrante and Phillip B. Abel 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Geometry of Surfaces 3.3 Theoretical Considerations Surface Theory Friction Fundamentals 3.4 Experimental Determinations of Surface Structure Low-Energy Electron Diffraction High-Resolution Electron Microscopy Field Ion Microscopy 3.5 Chemical Analysis of Surfaces Auger Electron Spectroscopy X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy Infrared Spectroscopy Thermal Desorption 3.6 Surface Effects in Tribology Monolayer Effects in Adhesion and Friction Atomic Effects Due to Adsorption of Hydrocarbons Atomic Effects in Metal-Insulator Contacts 3.7 Concluding Remarks References 3.1 Introduction Tribology the study of the interaction between surfaces in contact spans many disciplines from physics and chemistry to mechanical engineering and material science. Besides the many opportunities for interesting research it is of extreme technological importance. The key word in this chapter is surface. The chapter will be rather ambitious in scope in that we will attempt to cover the range from microscopic considerations to the macroscopic experiments used to examine the surface interactions. We will approach this problem in steps first considering the fundamental idea of a surface and next recognizing its atomic character and the expectations of a ball model of the atomic structures present viewed as a terminated bulk. We will then consider a more realistic description of a relaxed surface and then consider how the class of surface i.e. metal semiconductor or insulator affects these considerations. Finally we will present what is expected when a pure material is alloyed as well as the effects of adsorbates. Following these more fundamental descriptions we will give brief descriptions of some of the experimental techniques
