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Tsunami hazard, warning, and risk reduction in Italy and the Mediterranean Sea: state of the art, gaps, and future solutions

Five accredited Tsunami Service Providers (TSPs) run by IPMA (Portugal), CENALT (France), INGV (Italy), NOA (Greece), and KOERI (Turkey), and several national centers monitor the seismicity and provide tsunami alerts in the framework of the UNESCO Tsunami Early Warning and Mitigation System in the North-eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean and connected seas (NEAMTWS). In this paper, we focus on the state of the art of earthquake-induced tsunami risk reduction and coastal planning in Italy from the perspective of the Centro Allerta Tsunami (CAT), the INGV NTWC (National Tsunami Warning Center) and TSP | Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences Turkish J Earth Sci 2021 30 882-897 http journals.tubitak.gov.tr earth TÜBİTAK Research Article doi 10.3906 yer-2110-7 Tsunami hazard warning and risk reduction in Italy and the Mediterranean Sea state of the art gaps and future solutions 1 1 1 Stefano LORITO Alessandro AMATO Lorenzo CUGLIARI 1 1 1 2 1 Fabrizio ROMANO Roberto TONINI Cecilia VALBONESI Manuela VOLPE 1 National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology INGV Rome Italy 2 Department of Legal Sciences University of Florence Florence Italy Received 12.10.2021 Accepted Published Online 25.10.2021 Final Version 30.10.2021 Abstract Historical catalogues show evidence for about 300 tsunamis in European coastal waters since 1600 BC and tsunami hazard models like the NEAMTHM18 provide the probability of future inundation from earthquake-induced tsunamis. A recent wake-up call came from the 2020 MW7.0 Samos-İzmir earthquake and the following moderate damaging tsunami. Five accredited Tsunami Service Providers TSPs run by IPMA Portugal CENALT France INGV Italy NOA Greece and KOERI Turkey and several national centers monitor the seismicity and provide tsunami alerts in the framework of the UNESCO Tsunami Early Warning and Mitigation System in the North-eastern Atlantic the Mediterranean and connected seas NEAMTWS . In this paper we focus on the state of the art of earthquake-induced tsunami risk reduction and coastal planning in Italy from the perspective of the Centro Allerta Tsunami CAT the INGV NTWC National Tsunami Warning Center and TSP. We will emphasize some limitations to draw future directions for better preparation and towards the full implementation of the tsunami warning last-mile . Key words Tsunami earthquakes Mediterranean Sea hazard early warning coastal planning Italy 1. Introduction a serious threat in the region came from the 2020 MW7.0 The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami which caused widespread Samos-İzmir earthquake and the following moderate consequences and the .