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THẠC SỸ KINH TẾ - KINH TẾ VI MÔ - CHAPTER 4

Without bandying jargon or exhibiting formulae, without being superficial or condescending, the scientist should be able to communicate to the public the nature and variety of consequences that can reasonable be expected to flow from a given action or sequence of actions. In the case of the economist, he can often reveal in an informal way, if not the detailed chain of reasoning by which he reaches his conclusions, at least the broad contours of the argument. | CHAPTER 4 Government Controls How Management Incentives Are Affected Without bandying jargon or exhibiting formulae without being superficial or condescending the scientist should be able to communicate to the public the nature and variety of consequences that can reasonable be expected to flow from a given action or sequence of actions. In the case of the economist he can often reveal in an informal way if not the detailed chain of reasoning by which he reaches his conclusions at least the broad contours of the argument. E. J. Mishan Earlier chapters showed how the models of competitive and monopolistic markets illuminate the economic effects of market changes such as an increase in the price of oil. This chapter will examine the use of government controls to soften the impact of such changes. We will consider four types of government control excise taxes price controls consumer protection laws and minimum-wage laws. As we will see government controls can inspire management reactions that negate some of the expected effects of the controls. Who Pays the Tax Most people are convinced that consumers bear the burden of excise or sales taxes. They believe producers simply pass the tax on to consumers at higher prices. Yet every time a new or increased excise tax is proposed producers lobby against it. If excise taxes could be passed on to consumers firms would have little reason to spend hundreds of thousands of dollars opposing them. In fact excise taxes do hurt producers. Figure 4.1 shows the margarine industry s supply and demand curves 51 and D. In a competitive market the price will end toward P2 and the quantity sold toward Q3. If the state imposes a 0.25 tax on each pound of margarine sold and collects the tax from producers it effectively raises the cost of production. The producer must now pay a price not just for the right to use resources such as equipment and raw materials but for the right to continue production legally. The supply curve reflecting this .