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In this paper, supply chain reliability was investigated in a two-stage stochastic programming model to design reliable closed-loop green four-echelon forward/backward supply chain networks. | Reliability optimization in a four-echelon green closed-loop supply chain network considering stochastic demand and carbon price Uncertain Supply Chain Management 8 2020 457 472 Contents lists available at GrowingScience Uncertain Supply Chain Management homepage www.GrowingScience.com uscm Reliability optimization in a four-echelon green closed-loop supply chain network considering stochastic demand and carbon price Mahmood Nosratia and Alireza Arshadi Khamsehb a Department of Industrial Engineering Faculty of Engineering Kharazmi University Tehran Iran b Associate Professor Department of International Logistics and Transportation Faculty of Economics Administration and Social Sciences Istanbul Gelisim University Turkey CHRONICLE ABSTRACT Article history In recent years one of the goals of any company is to increase overall production and process Received January 29 2020 reliability. Hereupon supply chain reliability has been gaining growing attention and provides Received in revised format March a technical framework for quantifying supply chain risks and uncertainties. In this paper 27 2020 supply chain reliability was investigated in a two-stage stochastic programming model to Accepted May 9 2020 Available online design reliable closed-loop green four-echelon forward backward supply chain networks. The May 9 2020 purpose of this model was to maximize the total reliability of the supply chain based on the Keywords structural reliability theory. Our proposed model also minimized the cost of the supply chain Structural reliability theory by definition of recycling centres and the cost of penalizing unauthorized carbon emission and Carbon trading damages. The model optimized the locations of factories warehouses and recycling centres Stochastic Bi-Objective considering stochastic modes for demands and carbon price as well as the flow between programming different sectors and the optimal orders. As the proposed model was a mixed-integer nonlinear NSGA-II problem .
